Konsentrasi Katalis dan Suhu Optimum pada Reaksi Esterifikasi menggunakan Katalis Zeolit Alam Aktif (ZAH) dalam Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah

Transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using KOH catalyst with and without esterification process usingactivated natural zeolite (ZAH) catalyst has been carried out. Activation of the zeolite was done by refluxing with HCl 6Mfor 30 min, followed calcining and oxydized at 500oC for 2 hours, consecutively. The transesterification without esterificationprocess were done using KOH catalyst 1% (w/w) from oil and methanol weight and oil/methanol molar ratio 1:6 at 60oC. Theesterification reaction was also done using ZAH catalyst then continued by transesterification using KOH catalyst inmethanol media. In order to study the effect of ZAH catalyst concentration at constant temperature, the catalysts werevaried, i.e. 0, 1, 2, and 3% (w/w). To investigate the effect of temperature, the experiments were done at various temperaturefrom 30, 45, 60, and 70oC at constant catalyst concentration. The conversion of biodiesel was determined by 1H-NMRspectrometer and physical properties of biodiesel were determined using ASTM standard methods. The results showedthat the transesterification using KOH catalyst without esterification produced biodiesel conversion of 53.29%. The optimumcondition of biodiesel synthesis via esterification process were reached at 60oC and concentration of ZAH catalyst of2% (w/w), that could give biodiesel conversion = 100.00%. The physical properties were conformed with biodiesel ASTM2003b and Directorate General of Oil and Gas 2006 specification.

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Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil via Ultrasonic-Assisted Catalytic System

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.552 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 699 ◽

pp. 552-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Norzita Ngadi ◽

Lai Nyuk Ma ◽

Hajar Alias ◽

Anwar Johari ◽

Roshanida Abd Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Amount ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Oil ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Transesterification Method ◽

Percentage Conversion

In this study, production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) was carried out via ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method. Calcium oxide (CaO) was used as a catalyst. The effects of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and the catalyst amount towards the percentage conversion of oil to biodiesel were investigated. The biodiesel produced was analyzed using GC-FID method. The results obtained showed that 82 % of oil was successfully converted into biodiesel. This indicates that the used oil (WCO) has the potential to be the future source of biodiesel. Catalyst concentration of 3 w/w%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1 and temperature of 65°C are the best condition for the conversion of oil to biodiesel. The result obtained was found out that, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount has given significant effect on the conversion of oil. However, temperature ranged from (35 to 75) °C apparently, showed no significant effect on percentage conversion of oil.

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Evaluation of Shell-Derived Calcium Oxide Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel Esters from Cooking Oils

Academic Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.32861/ajc.61.20.27 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Ngee Sing Chong ◽

Francis Uchenna Okejiri ◽

Saidi Abdulramoni ◽

Shruthi Perna ◽

Beng Guat Ooi

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

X Ray ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

The Cost ◽

Percentage Conversion

Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compared to the eggshell-based CaO under the same set of reaction conditions.

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Pengaruh Temperatur, Konsentrasi Katalis Dan Rasio Molar Metanol-Minyak Terhadap Yield Biodisel Dari Minyak Goreng Bekas Melalui Proses Netralisasi-Transesterifikasi

METANA ◽

10.14710/metana.v13i1.11340 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Antonius Prihanto ◽

T.A. Bambang Irawan

Keyword(s):

Temperature Variation ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Process Condition ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Concentration Variation ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pembuatan biodisel dari minyak goreng bekas melalui proses netralisasi-transesterifikasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengaruh temperatur terhadap yield biodiesel, pengaruh konsentrasi katalis terhadap yield biodiesel dan pengaruh rasio molar methanol-minyak goreng bekas terhadap yield biodiesel melalui proses netralisasi dan transesterifikasi. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi proses transesterifikasi terbaik, maka dikaji pengaruh variasi suhu (30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC), variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH (0,75 %, 1 %, 1,25 %, 1,5 %, 1,75 %) dan rasio molar metanol-minyak (6:1; 7:1; 8:1; 9:1; 10:1) terhadap yield biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari minyak goreng bekas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada rasio 6 : 1, konsentrasi katalis KOH 1 % pada suhu 60 oC mengahasilkan yield biodiesel maksimal sebesar 87,3 %. Effect of Temperature, Catalyst Concentration and Methanol-Oil Molar Ratio Against Biodiesel Yield from Used Cooking Oil Through Neutralization Transesterification ProcessA research has been conducted on the making of biodiesel from used cooking oil through a neutralization-transesterification process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on biodiesel yield, the effect of catalyst concentration on biodiesel yield and the effect of molar ratio of methanol to used biodiesel yield through neutralization and transesterification process. To obtain the best transesterification process condition, the effect of temperature variation (30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC), KOH catalyst concentration variation (0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1,5 %, 1.75%) and the molar ratio of methanol-oil (6: 1; 7: 1; 8: 1; 9: 1; 10: 1) to the yield of biodiesel produced from used cooking oil. The results showed at a ratio of 6: 1, the concentration of 1% KOH catalyst at 60 ° C resulted in a maximum biodiesel yield of 87.3%.

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Biodiesel Production through Direct Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with Alcohol via Ultrasonic Wave

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.12 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 389 ◽

pp. 12-16

Author(s):

Yong Feng Kang ◽

Hua Jin Shi ◽

Lin Ge Yang ◽

Jun Xia Kang ◽

Zi Qi Zhao

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Ultrasonic Power ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Optimum Reaction ◽

Ester Exchange Reaction

Biodiesel is prepared from waste cooking oil and methanol. The ester exchange reaction is conducted under ultrasonic conditions with alkali as the catalysts. Five factors influencing on the transesterification reaction of biodiesel production are discussed in this study, including the reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, methanol to oil molar ratio, ultrasonic power. A series of laboratory experiments were carried out to test the conversion of biodiesel under various conditions. The process of biodiesel production was optimized by application of orthogonal test obtain the optimum conditions for biodiesel synthesis. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions were:molar ratio of oil to methanol 8:1,catalysts 1.2g KOH/100g oil,reaction temperature 70°C, reaction time 50 min,Ultrasonic power 400W. The conversion may up to 96.48%.

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Mesoporous Acidic Catalysts Synthesis from Dual-Stage and Rising Co-Current Gasification Char: Application for FAME Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13040871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 871 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Junaid Ahmad ◽

Umer Rashid ◽

Francesco Patuzzi ◽

Nahla Alamoodi ◽

Thomas Shean Yaw Choong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Operating Time ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Mesoporous Catalyst ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Acidic Catalysts ◽

Dual Stage

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the application options of the char produced from gasification plants. Two promising mesoporous acidic catalysts were synthesized using char as a support material. Two char samples were collected from either a dual-stage or a rising co-current biomass gasification plant. The catalysts produced from both gasification char samples were characterized for their physiochemical and morphological properties using N2 physorption measurement, total acidity evaluation through TPD-NH3, functional groups analysis by FT-IR, and morphology determination via FESEM. Results revealed that the dual-stage char-derived mesoporous catalyst (DSC-SO4) with higher specific surface area and acidic properties provided higher catalytic activity for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production from waste cooking oil (WCO) than the mesoporous catalyst obtained from char produced by rising co-current gasification (RCC-SO4). Furthermore, the effects of methanol/oil molar ratio (3:1–15:1), catalyst concentration (1–5 wt.% of oil), and reaction time (30–150 min) were studied while keeping the transesterification temperature constant at 65 °C. The optimal reaction conditions for the transesterification of WCO were 4 wt.% catalyst concentration, 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, and 90 min operating time. The optimized reaction conditions resulted in FAME conversions of 97% and 83% over DSC-SO4 and RCC-SO4 catalysts, respectively. The char-based catalysts show excellent reusability, since they could be reused six times without any modification.

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Application of Calcium Methoxide as Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.594 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 723 ◽

pp. 594-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nichaonn Chumuang ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Solid Base ◽

Base Catalyst ◽

Solid Base Catalyst ◽

Cooking Oil

In this study, the biodiesel production of waste cooking oil using calcium methoxide as solid base catalyst was investigated. The calcium methoxide catalyst was synthesized from calcined quick lime reacted with methanol. The XRD result showed that the catalyst was successfully synthesized with sufficient purity. The strength of catalyst was examined on the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil and methanol. Parameters affecting on transesterification such as the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil-molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The results showed that the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester conversion of 99.06%. The optimum conditions were achieved within 3 h using 3wt% catalyst concentration, 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 65°C reaction temperature. In addition, the kinetic study of transesterification reaction was carried out at the temperature from 30°C to 65°C. The pseudo-first order was good agreement with the experiment results. The reaction rate constant (k) and activated energy (Ea) were determined as 0.023 min-1 and 55.77 kJ/mol, respectively.

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Biodiesel Synthesis From Waste Cooking Oil Using CaO.SrO Catalyst By Transesterification Reaction In Batch Reactor

Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan ◽

10.15294/jbat.v7i2.14925 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 136-141

Author(s):

Nuni Widiarti ◽

Ismi Arinal Haq ◽

F. Widhi Mahatmanti ◽

Harjito Harjito ◽

Cepi Kurniawan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Surface Area ◽

Catalyst Surface ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

And Shifts

CaO is a very good catalyst for oil transesterification reactions into biodiesel, but requires a reaction time of 2 hours to obtain equilibrium. The time of CaO catalysis reaction can be accelerated by modifying the CaO catalyst with SrO. Synthesis biodiesel of waste cooking oil has been successfully conducted by transesterification reaction that used batch reactor assisted by CaO.SrO catalyst. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics and catalytic activity of catalyst in the transesterification reaction. Catalysts have been successfully synthesized by coprecipitation method with oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:1, and its calcined at 800oC for 3 hours. Catalyst was characterized by XRD to determine the crystallinity. The smaller catalyst crystallinity obtained as the decline in intensity and shifts diffraction angles of CaO modified SrO catalyst. Surface area of catalyst characterized by SAA, that allow surface area between CaO modified SrO by 10.217 m2/g. Transesterification reaction performed on variation time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes), and the catalysts amount (1, 2, 4, 6, 8% w/v). The optimum condition of catalytic activity in reaction for 2 hours and the catalyst amount is 1% w/v of reactants that produce yield of biodiesel is 96.4%.

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KECEPATAN ADUK DAN WAKTU KONTAK OPTIMUM PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK JELANTAH

Molekul ◽

10.20884/1.jm.2010.5.1.74 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Dwi Kartika ◽

Eva Vaulina ◽

Senny Widyaningsih ◽

Moch. Chasani

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Optimum Condition ◽

1H Nmr ◽

Natural Zeolite ◽

Zeolite Catalyst ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using activated natural zeolite catalyst has been done. Activation of the natural zeolite was done by refluxing with HCl 6M for 30 min, calcining and oxydizing at 500°C for 2 hours, consecutively. The variation of stirring speed were 350, 700, 1100 and 1200 rpm. The variation of reaction time were varied from 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min. The conversion of biodiesel was determined by 1H NMR spectrometer. The results showed that the optimum condition of biodiesel synthesis using esterification process were reached at 700 rpm and 15 minutes, which gave biodiesel conversion of 100%.

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Optimized Biodiesel Preparation from Waste Cooking Oil as a Fuel for Unmodified Diesel Engines

Journal of Engineering Research ◽

10.36909/jer.icetet.14989 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Parvesh Kumar ◽

◽

M. Ramprasad ◽

Sidharth ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Design Expert ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Parameter Values ◽

Central Composite

The continuous fluctuation in the price of crude oil in the international market during the Covid-19 situation forced all the nation to work for self-sustainability in the energy sector. This pandemic condition also teaches all to utilize available sources effectively. So to deal with dual problems the optimized conversion of waste into an energy source is the most effective solution. In the present work waste cooking oil is converted into biodiesel and the production process is optimized using the response surface methodology technique. The central composite design approach of RSM is selected for optimization in the present work which provides a better result in limited experiments. The yield of waste cooking oil biodiesel is optimized through four parameters i.e. catalyst concentration, temp., time, and alcohol to oil molar ratio. The effect of all these parameters is analyzed exhaustively with the help of design expert software. The physicochemical properties of optimized WCOB are measured and the results are compared with petrodiesel fuel and normally prepared WCOB. It is found that the yield of WCOB is increased by more than 4% while prepared with optimized parameter values. The physicochemical properties of optimized WCOB were also found better as compared to normally prepared WCOB and comparable to petrodiesel. Hence it can be concluded that the optimization of biodiesel production not only improves the yield but also improves the quality of the biodiesel.

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Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14123703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3703

Author(s):

Ming-Chien Hsiao ◽

Wei-Ting Lin ◽

Wei-Cheng Chiu ◽

Shuhn-Shyurng Hou

Keyword(s):

Acid Value ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Two Stage ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

High Acid ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Stage Process ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

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