Summary
Alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding using conventional alkali requires soft water. However, soft water is not always available, and softening hard brines may be very costly or infeasible in many cases depending on the location, the brine composition, and other factors. For instance, conventional ASP uses sodium carbonate to reduce the adsorption of the surfactant and generate soap in-situ by reacting with acidic crude oils; however, calcium carbonate precipitates unless the brine is soft. A form of borax known as metaborate has been found to sequester divalent cations such as Ca++ and prevent precipitation. This approach has been combined with the screening and selection of surfactant formulations that will perform well with brines having high salinity and hardness. We demonstrate this approach by combining high-performance, low-cost surfactants with cosurfactants that tolerate high salinity and hardness and with metaborate that can tolerate hardness as well. Chemical formulations containing surfactants and alkali in hard brine were screened for performance and tolerance using microemulsion phase-behavior experiments and crude at reservoir temperature. A formulation was found that, with an optimum salinity of 120,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS), 6,600 ppm divalent cations, performed well in corefloods with high oil recovery and almost zero final chemical flood residual oil saturation. Additionally, chemical formulations containing sodium metaborate and hard brine gave nearly 100% oil recovery with no indication of precipitate formation. Metaborate chemistry was incorporated into a mechanistic, compositional chemical flooding simulator, and the simulator was then used to model the corefloods. Overall, novel ASP with metaborate performed comparably to conventional ASP using sodium carbonate in soft water, demonstrating advancements in ASP adaptation to hard, saline reservoirs without the need for soft brine, which increases the number of oil reservoirs that are candidates for enhanced oil recovery using ASP flooding.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE (ZLD) TREATMENT OF HIGH-SALINITY BRINES USING A MULTIPLE-EFFECT ABSORPTION DISTILLATION CONCEPT
