Visuospatial properties of caudal area 7b inMaca ca fascicularis

Specimens from a polyploid biotype of Dugesia lugubris s.l. were used to clarify the role and fate of germ cells during planarian regeneration. These specimens provide a useful karyological marker because embryonic and somatic cells (3n = 12) can be easily distinguished from male (2n = 8) and female (6n = 24) germ cells by their chromosome number. We succeed in demonstrating how primordial germ cells participate in blastema formation and take part in rebuilding somatic tissues. This evidence was obtained by cutting each planarian specimen twice at appropriate levels. The first aimed to induce primordial germ cells to migrate to the wound. The second cut was performed after complete regeneration and aimed to obtain a blastema from a cephalic or caudal area devoid of gonads. A karyological analysis of mitotic cells present in each blastema obtained after the second cut provided evidence that cells, originally belonging to the germ lines, are still present in somatic tissues even months after complete regeneration. The role of primordial germ cells in planarian regeneration was finally discussed in relation to the phenomenon of metaplasia or transdifferentiation.

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Ventilatory responses to cooling the ventrolateral medullary surface of awake and anesthetized goats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1995.78.1.247 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 247-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

P. J. Ohtake ◽

H. V. Forster ◽

L. G. Pan ◽

T. F. Lowry ◽

M. J. Korducki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Ventilation ◽

Respiratory Rhythm ◽

Respiratory Neurons ◽

Ventrolateral Medulla ◽

Arterial Pco2 ◽

Respiratory Rhythmogenesis ◽

Ventilatory Responses ◽

Anesthesia Breathing ◽

A Site ◽

Caudal Area

The ventrolateral medulla (VLM) has been reported to be important as a source of tonic facilitation of dorsal respiratory neurons and as a site critical for respiratory rhythmogenesis. We investigated these theories in awake and anesthetized goats (n = 13) by using chronically implanted thermodes to create reversible neuronal dysfunction at superficial VLM sites between the first hypoglossal rootlet and the pontomedullary junction (area M (rostral) and area S). During halothane anesthesia (arterial PCO2 = 57.4 +/- 4.5 Torr), bilateral cooling (thermode temperature = 20 degrees C) of 60–100% of areas M and S for 30 s produced a sustained apnea (46 +/- 4 s) that lasted beyond the period of cooling. While the animals were awake (arterial PCO2 = 36.0 +/- 1.9 Torr), cooling the identical region in the same goats resulted in a decrease (approximately 50%) in pulmonary ventilation, with a brief apnea seen only in one goat. Reductions in both tidal volume and frequency were observed. Qualitatively similar responses were obtained when cooling caudal area M-rostral area S and rostral area M, but the responses were less pronounced. Minimal effects were seen in response to cooling caudal area S. During anesthesia, breathing is critically dependent on superficial VLM neurons, whereas in the awake state these neurons are not essential for the maintenance of respiratory rhythm. Our data are consistent with these superficial VLM neuronal regions providing tonic facilitation to more dorsal respiratory neurons in both the anesthetized and awake states.

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Effects on breathing of ventrolateral medullary cooling in awake goats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1995.78.1.258 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 258-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

H. V. Forster ◽

P. J. Ohtake ◽

L. G. Pan ◽

T. F. Lowry ◽

M. J. Korducki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Ventilation ◽

Control Level ◽

Control Of Breathing ◽

Ventrolateral Medulla ◽

Neuronal Dysfunction ◽

Subsequent Increase ◽

Initial Decrease ◽

Caudal Area ◽

Stimulation Of

Our objective was to investigate the role of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) in the control of breathing during the awake state. In 17 awake adult goats, chronically implanted thermodes were used to cool the VLM and thereby cause reversible neuronal dysfunction in all or portions of the area between the first hypoglossal rootlet and the ponto-medullary junction (so-called area M (rostral) and area S). Within 5 s after the initiation of cooling, 60–100% of areas M and S, pulmonary ventilation (VE) decreased uniformly over conditions of eucapnia, hypercapnia, hypoxia, and exercise (P < 0.05). Between 10 and 20 s of cooling, the reduction in VE was approximately 10% greater during eucapnia and hypercapnia than during hypoxia and exercise (P < 0.05). For the remaining 10 s of cooling and for about 1 min after cooling, VE increased to and above control level. Cooling only rostral area M or only caudal area M-rostral area S affected breathing qualitatively in the same manner as when 60–100% of areas M and S were cooled. However, cooling caudal area S had effects that differed significantly (P < 0.05) from more rostral cooling in that the initial decrease in VE was attenuated and the subsequent increase was accentuated. The initial uniform decreased VE during cooling suggests that superficial VLM nonchemoreceptor neurons facilitate breathing. The subsequent relatively greater effect of cooling during eucapnia and hypercapnia probably reflects dysfunction of chemoreceptor-related neurons that normally stimulate breathing. The stimulation of breathing during the later stages and after cooling may suggest that some VLM neurons inhibit breathing.

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Morphology of the eggs of the genus Belminus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) by optical and scanning electron microscopy

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.2970.1.2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2970 (1) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

CLAUDIA M. SANDOVAL ◽

ELSA NIEVES ◽

VÍCTOR M. ANGULO ◽

JOÃO ARISTEU DA ROSA ◽

ELIS ALDANA

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Discriminant Analysis ◽

Generic Character ◽

Polygonal Pattern ◽

Average Size ◽

First Time ◽

Simple Convex ◽

Caudal Area ◽

Scanning Electron

The external morphology of eggs of the species Belminus corredori Galvão & Angulo, 2006, Belminus herreri Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979 and Belminus ferroae Sandoval, Pabón, Jurberg & Galvão, 2007 is described for the first time using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Females lay one egg at a time; the shape of the egg is oval with lateral flattening, a rounded caudal area and a true and simple convex operculum. The average size of the egg among these species is 0.51– 0.58 mm in length and 0.36–0.4 mm in width. As a generic character we highlight the discovery of a chorion rim with one to four grooves always joined to the micropyles. All species present a clear polygonal pattern only in the operculum and in the egg’s cephalic region, while the median and caudal regions show a smooth appearance, features that are shared only with the eggs of the genus Alberprosenia. A discriminant analysis of the polygonal design of the operculum proved to be useful for the identification of the species.

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Factors from paraventricular nucleus mediating adrenocorticotropin release in cats

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.1.r109 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 252 (1) ◽

pp. R109-R121

Author(s):

D. E. Carlson ◽

D. S. Gann

Keyword(s):

Paraventricular Nucleus ◽

Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽

Rabbit Serum ◽

Normal Rabbit Serum ◽

Immunocytochemical Localization ◽

Before And After ◽

Alpha Chloralose ◽

Crf Neurons ◽

Caudal Area ◽

Stimulation Of

Experiments were conducted in alpha-chloralose-urethan-anesthetized cats. We stimulated the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) electrically before and after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of an antiserum to arginine vasopressin (AVP), one to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), or one to normal rabbit serum (NRS). Stimulation of the ventral portion of the dorsal PVH led to increases in arterial pressure and heart rate that did not change after any of the icv treatments. However, the effect of each agent on the increases in plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) after stimulation was related to the area of the PVH that was stimulated. The response to stimulation of a rostral area that extended dorsally from the anterior PVH was blocked completely by the anti-AVP but not by anti-CRF or NRS. The response to stimulation of a caudal area located in the dorsal PVH was attenuated after anti-CRF, unchanged after anti-AVP, and augmented after NRS. The antibodies that were given icv were found immunocytochemically to enter the median eminence at sites that include some adjacent to the portal vessels. Immunocytochemical localization of AVP- and of CRF-containing neurons in the PVH showed that the anterior PVH had the highest proportion of AVP neurons in the PVH but had only a few CRF neurons. In contrast, the dorsal PVH contained the highest density of CRF neurons in the PVH as well as some AVP neurons. We suggest that, in the cat, the primary releasing factor for the anterior PVH is AVP and that for the dorsal PVH is CRF.

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The ipsilateral cortico-cortical connections of area 7b, PF, in the parietal and tempral lobes of the monkey

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/0006-8993(90)90500-b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 524 (1) ◽

pp. 119-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

J.W. Neal ◽

R.C.A. Pearson ◽

T.P.S. Powell

Keyword(s):

Cortical Connections ◽

Area 7B

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Visual Motion Responses of Neurons in the Caudal Area PE of Macaque Monkeys

Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.1523/jneurosci.21-04-j0002.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. RC130-RC130 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Salvatore Squatrito ◽

Milena Raffi ◽

Maria Grazia Maioli ◽

Alexandra Battaglia-Mayer

Keyword(s):

Visual Motion ◽

Macaque Monkeys ◽

Motion Responses ◽

Caudal Area

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A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Operated Underwater to Monitor Physiological Status of Free-Swimming Fish

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12101827 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1827

Author(s):

Shih-Hao Huang ◽

Wei-Hung Chen ◽

Yu-Chen Lin

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Biosensor ◽

Physiological Status ◽

Free Swimming ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Self Powered ◽

A Charge ◽

Caudal Area ◽

A Current

The changes in blood glucose levels are a key indicator of fish health conditions and are closely correlated to their stress levels. Here, we developed a self-powered glucose biosensor (SPGB) consisting of a needle-type enzymatic biofuel cell (N-EFC), which was operated underwater and connected to a charge pump integrated circuit (IC) and a light emitting diode (LED) as the indicator. The N-EFC consisted of a needle bioanode, which was inserted into the caudal area of a living fish (Tilapia) to access biofuels, and a gas-diffusion biocathode sealed in an airtight bag. The N-EFC was immersed entirely in the water and connected to a charge pump IC with a capacitor, which enabled charging and discharging of the bioelectricity generated from the N-EFC to blink an LED. Using a smartphone, the glucose concentration can be determined by observing the LED blinking frequencies that are linearly proportional to the blood glucose concentration within a detection range of 10–180 mg/dL. We have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the SPGB used to continuously monitor the physiological status of free-swimming fish treated with cold shock in real time. The power generated by a free-swimming fish with an N-EFC inserted into its caudal area, swimming in a fish tank with a water temperature (Tw) of 25 °C, exhibited an open circuit voltage of 0.41 V and a maximum power density of 6.3 μW/cm2 at 0.25 V with a current density of 25 μA/cm2. By gradually decreasing Tw from 25 °C to 15 °C, the power generation increased to a maximum power density of 8.6 μW/cm2 at 0.27 V with a current density of 31 μA/cm2. The blood glucose levels of the free-swimming fish at 25 °C and 15 °C determined by the blinking frequencies were 44 mg/dL and 98 mg/dL, respectively. Our proposed SPGB provides an effective power-free method for stress visualization and evaluation of fish health by monitoring a blinking LED through a smartphone.

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Moderate and sustained exercise modulates muscle proteolytic and myogenic markers in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00308.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 312 (5) ◽

pp. R643-R653 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Emilio J. Vélez ◽

Sheida Azizi ◽

Esmail Lutfi ◽

Encarnación Capilla ◽

Alberto Moya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Gilthead Sea Bream ◽

Sea Bream ◽

Control Fish ◽

Proliferation Marker ◽

Continuous Growth ◽

Gene And Protein Expression ◽

Caudal Area

Swimming activity primarily accelerates growth in fish by increasing protein synthesis and energy efficiency. The role of muscle in this process is remarkable and especially important in teleosts, where muscle represents a high percentage of body weight and because many fish species present continuous growth. The aim of this work was to characterize the effects of 5 wk of moderate and sustained swimming in gene and protein expression of myogenic regulatory factors, proliferation markers, and proteolytic molecules in two muscle regions (anterior and caudal) of gilthead sea bream fingerlings. Western blot results showed an increase in the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), proteolytic system members calpain 1 and cathepsin D, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor protein expression. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR data showed that exercise increased the gene expression of proteases (calpains, cathepsins, and members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the anterior muscle region) and the gene expression of the proliferation marker PCNA and the myogenic factor MyoD in the caudal area compared with control fish. Overall, these data suggest a differential response of the two muscle regions during swimming adaptation, with tissue remodeling and new vessel formation occurring in the anterior muscle and enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation occurring in the caudal area. In summary, the present study contributes to improving the knowledge of the role of proteolytic molecules and other myogenic factors in the adaptation of muscle to moderate sustained swimming in gilthead sea bream.

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