scholarly journals Biogas/Biomethane Quality and Requirements for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Units/Gas Grids with a Special Focus on Siloxanes-a Short Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Piechota
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Dioxide ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Microcrystalline Silicon ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Organic Chlorine

The presence of siloxanes in biogas and biomethane is a major barrier to use them as renewable energy sources in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units and national grids systems. Siloxanes in the shape of methyl siloxanes (incl. L2, L3, L4, D3, D4, D5, D6), Trimethylsilanol (TMSOH), as well as other contaminants such as H2S, NH3, relative Humidity (rH), halogenated compounds (including organic chlorine and fluorine), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) presented in biogas upgraded to biomethane quality are detrimental to engines, turbines and gas grids, therefore it is necessary to remove them before its high-value utilization. Under the oxidation, process siloxanes are converted into microcrystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2) deposits that can shorten the lifetime of the engine and affect the gas grids. The review presents the actual requirements of biogas and biomethane quality in context to their utilization in CHP units and national gas grids. Moreover, the methods of siloxanes removal based on adsorption, absorption, cryogenic condensation, membranes, and biofiltration are described.

scholarly journals Renewable energy systems implementation in road transport: prospects and impediments

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Amela Ajanovic ◽  
Reinhard Haas
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
The Future

The transport sector accounts for about one quarter of the global carbon dioxide emissions. It is dominated by fossil fuels, leading to different negative impacts on humans and the environment. Over the last years, interest in alternative automotive powertrains such as different types of electric vehicles as well as low-carbon fuels has been increasing. The main objective of this paper is to provide review of the current state of the major renewable energy systems in road transport focusing on the EU. Based on a detailed literature review, the major prospects and impediments for the future use of biofuels, renewable electricity and green hydrogen in road transport are discussed considering policies implemented, as well as emission reduction targets set for the future with a special focus on passenger car transport. The major conclusions are: (i) The prospects of biofuels depend on their future economic and environmental performance as well as on land availability and the food versus tank discussion. (ii) The high investment costs of battery- and fuel cell electric vehicles are still a major barrier for their faster market penetration but they could be reduced in future due to technological learning. In addition, their contribution to the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions is achievable only in combination with the increasing use of renewable energy sources in electricity generation.

scholarly journals Attacins: A Promising Class of Insect Antimicrobial Peptides

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Francesco Buonocore ◽  
Anna Maria Fausto ◽  
Giulia Della Pelle ◽  
Tomislav Roncevic ◽  
Marco Gerdol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Large Repertoire

Insects produce a large repertoire of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as the first line of defense against bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. These peptides are produced from a large precursor that contains a signal domain, which is cleaved in vivo to produce the mature protein with antimicrobial activity. At present, AMPs from insects include several families which can be classified as cecropins, ponericins, defensins, lebocins, drosocin, Metchnikowin, gloverins, diptericins and attacins according to their structure and/or function. This short review is focused on attacins, a class of glycine-rich peptides/proteins that have been first discovered in the cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia). They are a rather heterogeneous group of immunity-related proteins that exhibit an antimicrobial effect mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we discuss different attacin and attacin-like AMPs that have been discovered so far and analyze their structure and phylogeny. Special focus is given to the physiological importance and mechanism of action of attacins against microbial pathogens together with their potential pharmacological applications, emphasizing their roles as antimicrobials.

Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-97
Author(s):  
Hanna Irena Jędrzejuk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Standard Application ◽  
Technical Systems

This chapter describes a general issue of selecting renewable energy sources (RES) and technical systems. To achieve the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standard, application of an RES (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and biomass energy) is necessary. Each type of RES has specific characteristics and can be used to produce electricity and/or heat in certain systems. A short review of various systems using renewable energy sources is presented. To find the required and satisfactory solution that guaranties meeting the nZEB standard, an analysis must be carried out considering a number of aspects: local availability, structure and time-dependence of energy demand, building construction, economic conditions, legal regulations, and specific requirements. Finally, two examples of modernisation towards the nZEB standard are included.

Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Anammox Process

2020 ◽  
pp. 1169-1191
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Cema ◽  
Adam Sochacki
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Partial Nitritation ◽  
Reject Water ◽  
Anammox Process

In most cases, the anammox process is used for nitrogen removal from reject water coming from dewatering of digested sludge. However, there are more industrial streams suitable for treatment by partial nitritation/anammox process. The landfill leachate may be a good example of such wastewater. Generally, landfilling is the most used solution for treatment of urban solid wastes. The problem with landfill leachate production and management is one of the most important issues associated with the sanitary landfills. These streams are highly contaminated wastewater with a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds and characterized by a high ammonia content and low biodegradable organic fraction matter. The objective of this chapter is the short characteristic of landfill leachate and a short review of its treatment methods with special focus on nitrogen removal by partial nitritation/anammox process.

Using Volatile Organic Compounds in Waste Streams as Fuel

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doruk Dogu ◽  
Hyuntae Sohn ◽  
Shubho Bhattacharya ◽  
Chris Cornelius ◽  
Umit S. Ozkan
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Exhaust Stream ◽  
Thermal Oxidation Process ◽  
Additional Fuel

Abstract To meet the environmental regulations, volatile organic compounds (VOC) in waste streams of various industries are thermally oxidized before being released to the atmosphere. This thermal oxidation process requires use of additional fuel and energy, has high operational costs and requires frequent maintenance. As an alternative, these VOCs can be considered as fuels themselves. Even without considering the energy used for the supplemental fuel such as natural gas, the enthalpy of the VOCs incinerated is not negligible. Hydrogen, a valuable energy carrier, can be produced from VOCs by reforming them. In this study, a system that can reform VOCs in the exhaust stream of paint finishing operations and use it to produce hydrogen that can be used in a fuel cell for power generation was designed. Steam reforming experiments were conducted on different VOCs using a 10 % Co/CeO2 catalyst. The effect of different functional groups and the chain length was examined. This study shows the potential of dilute VOCs in the waste stream of many industries if they can be recovered and used as a fuel effectively instead of being incinerated.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Evaluation of Interconnected Nuclear-Renewable Micro Hybrid Energy Systems with Combined Heat and Power

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossam A. Gabbar ◽  
Muhammad R. Abdussami ◽  
Md. Ibrahim Adham
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Hybrid Energy Systems ◽  
The Impact

Renewable energy sources (RESs) play an indispensable role in sustainable advancement by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, due to the shortcomings of RESs, an energy mix with RESs is required to support the baseload and to avoid the effects of RES variability. Fossil fuel-based thermal generators (FFTGs), like diesel generators, have been used with RESs to support the baseload. However, using FFTGs with RESs is not a good option to reduce GHG emissions. Hence, the small-scale nuclear power plant (NPPs), such as the micro-modular reactor (MMR), have become a modern alternative to FFTGs. In this paper, the authors have investigated five different hybrid energy systems (HES) with combined heat and power (CHP), named ‘conventional small-scale fossil fuel-based thermal energy system,’ ‘small-scale stand-alone RESs-based energy system,’ ‘conventional small-scale fossil fuel-based thermal and RESs-based HES,’ ‘small-scale stand-alone nuclear energy system,’ and ‘nuclear-renewable micro hybrid energy system (N-R MHES),’ respectively, in terms of net present cost (NPC), cost of energy (COE), and GHG emissions. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to identify the impact of the different variables on the systems. The results reveal that the N-R MHES could be the most suitable scheme for decarbonization and sustainable energy solutions.

scholarly journals Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Techniques for Exhaled Breath Diagnostics

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramya Selvaraj ◽  
Nilesh J. Vasa ◽  
S. M. Shiva Nagendra ◽  
Boris Mizaikoff
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Biomarker Detection ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Optical Instruments ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Recent Developments

Human exhaled breath consists of more than 3000 volatile organic compounds, many of which are relevant biomarkers for various diseases. Although gas chromatography has been the gold standard for volatile organic compound (VOC) detection in exhaled breath, recent developments in mid-infrared (MIR) laser spectroscopy have led to the promise of compact point-of-care (POC) optical instruments enabling even single breath diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the evolution of MIR sensing technologies with a special focus on photoacoustic spectroscopy, and its application in exhaled breath biomarker detection. While mid-infrared point-of-care instrumentation promises high sensitivity and inherent molecular selectivity, the lack of standardization of the various techniques has to be overcome for translating these techniques into more widespread real-time clinical use.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document