Chapter One: China’s Glass Ceiling: The Exclusion of Women From High-Level Politics

Background:The term “glass ceiling” has been used since the late eighties, to designate an invisible barrier that prevents highly qualified women from reaching positions of responsibility in the organizations they work. (1) At first, this concept was used to analyze the career of women who, having a professional career and a high level of competition in their workplaces, encountered an interference when trying to advance in their careers. (2). The so-called “glass ceiling” refers to a last barrier based on prejudice towards women that prevents them from advancing to high-level positions.Currently, there is almost the same number of men and women affiliated to the Mexican College of Rheumatology (CMR). The position of president is the highest directorial position, we undertook the task of evaluating the percentage of women who have historically held that leadership position.Objectives:To assess the percentage of woman who have occupied the position of president of the Mexican College of Rheumatology.Methods:Observational, cross-sectional study. We evaluated the number of man and women who have historically held the position of president of the CMR.Results:Currently, the CMR has 630 active members, 308 women (48.9%) and 322 men (51.1%). Among rheumatologists younger than 40 years of age, women represent 58% (n=128). We found that historically the CMR has had 48 presidents, of which only 4 (8.3%) are women.Conclusion:There is a big gender gap between presidents of the CMR. It is important to talk about the gender perspective and recognize the causes that have originated this gap. Incorporating the gender perspective in senior management is a pending issue for our CMR.References:[1]Barberá E, Ramos A, Sarrió M, et al. Laberinto de cristal en el liderazgo de las mujeres. Psicothema 2011;23(2):173-179.[2]Bustos O. Mujeres rompiendo el techo de cristal: el caso de las universidades. OMNIA - Revista de la Coordinación de Estudios de Posgrado 2002(41);1-7.Acknowledgements:We have no acknowledgements to declare.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Gender-Role Stereotypes: Perception of Tunisian Leaders

Business and Management Research ◽

10.5430/bmr.v7n4p22 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Hanen Khanche ◽

Karim Ben Kahla

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Career Development ◽

Private Sector ◽

Gender Role ◽

Glass Ceiling ◽

Power Relationships ◽

Organizational Contexts ◽

Career Model ◽

Works Council ◽

High Level

The objective of this paper is to report on the problem of the glass ceiling in Tunisian companies. First, by recalling on the basis of statistical findings the situation of women at work, and then highlighting the main results of the surveys carried out in Tunisia on the question, and finally by highlighting some prospects for the strategies envisaged to go beyond The glass ceiling.While organizations are places of meritocratic recognition in which more and more women graduate into skilled occupations, they are also places where informal, often unequal power relationships are built that determine access to decision-making positions. Women are becoming increasingly scarce as they rise in the hierarchy and remain a minority in high-level decision-making and accountability positions. They have less access to hierarchical positions (Ben Hassine, 2007). They are often limited to administrative or relational activities (Gadéa, 2003). Thus, in the private sector, out of 30 large Tunisian companies, only 4 of them have a woman on their works council (GIZ, 2013).The identification of the different factors involved in the glass ceiling also raises questions about the behaviors and strategies developed in the context of organizational contexts reproducing the male career model, as well as the diversity of these behaviors. This study also allows us to consider changes and strategies of change in career development and women's access to decision-making positions that will push the boundaries.

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Breaking the glass ceiling − a case of Durban corporate women

Corporate Ownership and Control ◽

10.22495/cocv12i4c1p4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 200-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Siphosenkosi Zanoxolo Makaula ◽

Alec Bozas ◽

Elias Munapo ◽

Vannie Naidoo

Keyword(s):

Glass Ceiling ◽

Career Advancement ◽

Barriers To Advancement ◽

Employment Equity ◽

Non Profit ◽

Government Education ◽

Subsequent Loss ◽

Convenience Sampling ◽

Upper Level ◽

High Level

The glass ceiling is a concept that most frequently refers to barriers faced by women who attempt, or aspire, to attain senior positions as well as higher salary levels in corporations, government, education and non-profit organisations. It can also refer to racial and ethnic minorities and men when they experience barriers to advancement. A glass ceiling appears to exist in many organisations and also maybe a glass cliff, in which women are promoted into risky upper-level positions in which failure and subsequent loss of the high-level position is likely. This research investigated perceptions that Durban corporate women have towards the notion of glass ceiling barriers at work. A sample was chosen on a non-probability basis using convenience sampling of corporate women within Durban. Ninety participants completed the questionnaire. The data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that women do not experience glass ceiling barriers to career advancement. Women also feel confident and respected by colleagues, subordinates and leadership and are capable of executing their designated duties. Respondents also showed confidence in the Employment Equity Act which suggests that the transformation charter is followed at their organisations.

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La Necesidad For More Latina Superintendents! : An Autoethnographic Account of a Latina Navigating to the Superintendency (Dale, Dale, Dale! A.k.a., The Mexican Piñata song)

Journal of Transformative Leadership & Policy Studies ◽

10.36851/jtlps.v9i1.2473 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Editorial Board

Keyword(s):

Glass Ceiling ◽

Educational Administration ◽

Teaching Profession ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Cultural Bias ◽

Administrative Positions ◽

Career Support ◽

District Administrators ◽

The Many ◽

High Level

Women in educational leadership positions have to break a glass ceiling to get to the top despite their dominance in the teaching profession and as California educators. Latinas (Latinx women)1 however face far greater challenges, not only does sexism present challenges but so does racism (see Campbell-Jones & Avelar-Lasalle, 2000). The tenacity, strategies and fortitude are more akin to breaking a piñata, much more challenging and with a greater risk than a glass ceiling. Educational attainment, career support, gender and cultural bias all factor into some of the many challenges Latinas face as they aspire to higher levels of educational administration positions. The challenge for Latinas can be greater than for others, however, the journey and lasting effects are worth it, just as the treats that flow from a well-broken piñata, the rewards of holding the position of Superintendent are significant for those that aspire to and accomplish the goal, and are celebrated by those who assist and participate in their efforts. This autoethnographic study focuses on the Superintendency from a Latina perspective. The study presents specific insights and lessons learned that can assist Latinas and people of color who are high-level2 and district administrators or those who aspire to the superintendency. There are 1,037 school districts in California (CalEdFacts, 2019), thus the information and lessons learned from my experience may also characterize the superintendency and/or high-level administrative positions. The importance of my experience rests in the fact that while the total number of Latinx administrators comprises approximately only 23% of site and district administrators in California as compared to the majority who are White and comprise approximately 59% (CDE/DataQuest, 2019), equity scholars would find this problematic given that the overwhelming majority of students in PK-12 schools are Latinx.

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Transcription factor/DNA interactions visualized by electron spectroscopic imaging

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100122654 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 450-451

Author(s):

David P. Bazett-Jones ◽

Mark L. Brown

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Transcription Initiation ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Spectroscopic Imaging ◽

Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽

Dna Backbone ◽

Two Parameters ◽

High Level

A multisubunit RNA polymerase enzyme is ultimately responsible for transcription initiation and elongation of RNA, but recognition of the proper start site by the enzyme is regulated by general, temporal and gene-specific trans-factors interacting at promoter and enhancer DNA sequences. To understand the molecular mechanisms which precisely regulate the transcription initiation event, it is crucial to elucidate the structure of the transcription factor/DNA complexes involved. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) provides the opportunity to visualize individual DNA molecules. Enhancement of DNA contrast with ESI is accomplished by imaging with electrons that have interacted with inner shell electrons of phosphorus in the DNA backbone. Phosphorus detection at this intermediately high level of resolution (≈lnm) permits selective imaging of the DNA, to determine whether the protein factors compact, bend or wrap the DNA. Simultaneously, mass analysis and phosphorus content can be measured quantitatively, using adjacent DNA or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as mass and phosphorus standards. These two parameters provide stoichiometric information relating the ratios of protein:DNA content.

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Advances in Stem Instrumentation for Biology

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100180562 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 362-363

Author(s):

J. S. Wall

Keyword(s):

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Carbon Films ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Material Deposition ◽

Active User ◽

Percent Improvement ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

The Moment ◽

Film Substrate ◽

High Level

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.

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A Questionnaire Survey of Current Rehabilitation Practices for Adults With Normal Hearing Sensitivity Who Experience Auditory Difficulties

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2020_aja-20-00027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 738-761

Author(s):

Tess K. Koerner ◽

Melissa A. Papesh ◽

Frederick J. Gallun

Keyword(s):

Hearing Aids ◽

Questionnaire Survey ◽

Patient Population ◽

Clinical Care ◽

Normal Hearing ◽

Auditory Training ◽

Training Methods ◽

Hearing Sensitivity ◽

Considerable Benefit ◽

High Level

Purpose A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information from clinical audiologists about rehabilitation options for adult patients who report significant auditory difficulties despite having normal or near-normal hearing sensitivity. This work aimed to provide more information about what audiologists are currently doing in the clinic to manage auditory difficulties in this patient population and their views on the efficacy of recommended rehabilitation methods. Method A questionnaire survey containing multiple-choice and open-ended questions was developed and disseminated online. Invitations to participate were delivered via e-mail listservs and through business cards provided at annual audiology conferences. All responses were anonymous at the time of data collection. Results Responses were collected from 209 participants. The majority of participants reported seeing at least one normal-hearing patient per month who reported significant communication difficulties. However, few respondents indicated that their location had specific protocols for the treatment of these patients. Counseling was reported as the most frequent rehabilitation method, but results revealed that audiologists across various work settings are also successfully starting to fit patients with mild-gain hearing aids. Responses indicated that patient compliance with computer-based auditory training methods was regarded as low, with patients generally preferring device-based rehabilitation options. Conclusions Results from this questionnaire survey strongly suggest that audiologists frequently see normal-hearing patients who report auditory difficulties, but that few clinicians are equipped with established protocols for diagnosis and management. While many feel that mild-gain hearing aids provide considerable benefit for these patients, very little research has been conducted to date to support the use of hearing aids or other rehabilitation options for this unique patient population. This study reveals the critical need for additional research to establish evidence-based practice guidelines that will empower clinicians to provide a high level of clinical care and effective rehabilitation strategies to these patients.

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