scholarly journals WHIPLASH INJURY MECHANISMS OF CAR REAR OCCUPANTS: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (Special1) ◽  
pp. 272-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akmal Nur Haniffah ◽  
Siti Zawiah Dawal ◽  
Sabariah Julaihi
Keyword(s):  
Whiplash Injury ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Automotive Safety ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Head Restraint ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Injury Category ◽  
Crash Tests

Whiplash injury due to low severity vehicles crash is a global problem. The injury has long-term clinical and biomechanical implications. Since the mid-1960s, injury statistics have continuously revealed that females face a higher risk of suffering the injury category compare to males. Besides, in a frontal crash, the injury measures from the adult rear dummies were mainly higher than the same size dummies located in driver and front occupant seat. However, most regulations and user crash tests have focused on vehicle drivers and front-seat passenger due to high occupancy and mortality rates in the front seat. In this paper, mechanisms of whiplash injury were reviewed to contribute a further inclusive understanding of human impact reaction, variability quantification, validation, and prevention. The objective of this study is to develop a new design of head restraint (HR) for car rear occupants. In order to raise consideration whiplash injury and prevention mechanisms, impacts are simulated with computer modelling (Ls-Dyna simulation) and validated using Matlab. Therefore, a review of these injury mechanisms indicates the development of new anti-whiplash technology in the automotive safety area is necessary.

scholarly journals Risk of Experiment Failure – Analysis of Crash Test Reliability / Ryzyko Niepowodzenia Eksperymentu – Analiza Niezawodności Prób Zderzeniowych

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Perz ◽  
Marek Matyjewski
Keyword(s):  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Probability Of Failure ◽  
Test Reliability ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Automotive Safety ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
Crash Tests

Abstract The research on automotive safety usually involves crash test experiments. These tests are very expensive, often difficult to replicate, which may lead to serious loss. This paper shows the crash test reliability analysis and classifies the risk of failure of such experiment. 46 frontal crash tests were conducted with the use of crash test dummies. All the tests were prepared according to the standard operating procedure (SOP) and the strict check list was followed before each run. All the tests were categorized for loss and analyzed for the cause of failure. Then the probability of failure of crash test experiment was calculated. From 46 conducted tests, 6 failed, which is 13% of all the tests. The main reason of the test failures was human mistake. The results show that probability of loss during crash tests is very likel

Long-term outcome in whiplash injury

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Bogdan P. Radanov ◽  
Matthias Sturzenegger ◽  
Giuseppe Di Stefano
Keyword(s):  
Whiplash Injury ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome

scholarly journals Assessment of Range of Movement, Pain and Disability Following a Whiplash Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 541-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atif A. Malik ◽  
Simon Robinson ◽  
Wasim S. Khan ◽  
Bernice Dillon ◽  
Martyn E. Lovell
Keyword(s):  
Neck Pain ◽  
Whiplash Injury ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Pain Group ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Background: Whiplash has been suggested to cause chronic symptoms and long term disability. This study was designed to assess long term function after whiplash injury. Material & Methods: A random sample of patients in the outpatient clinic was interviewed, questionnaire completed and clinical examination performed. Assessment was made of passive cervical range of movement and Visual Analogue Scale pain scores. One hundred and sixty-four patients were divided into four different groups including patients with no whiplash injury but long-standing neck pain (Group A), previous symptomatic whiplash injury and long-standing neck pain (Group B), previous symptomatic whiplash injury and no neck symptoms (Group C), and a control group of patients with no history of whiplash injury or neck symptoms (Group D). Results: Data was analyzed by performing an Independent samples t-test and ANOVA, with level of significance taken as p<0.05. Comparing the four groups using a one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups (p<0.001). There were significant differences when comparing mean ranges of movement between Group A and Group D, and between Group B and Group D. There was no significant difference between Group C and Group D. similar differences were also seen in the pain scores. Conclusion: We conclude that osteoarthritis in the cervical spine, and whiplash injury with chronic problems cause a significantly decreased cervical range of movement with a higher pain score. Patients with shorter duration of whiplash symptoms appear to do better in the long-term.

Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury

Pain ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Sterling ◽  
Gwendolen Jull ◽  
Justin Kenardy
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Whiplash Injury ◽  
Predictive Capacity

Evaluation of Human Body Dynamical Behaviour During Handling Maneuvers and Crash Test Simulations Using Multi-Body Codes

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Braghin ◽  
Paolo Pennacchi ◽  
Edoardo Sabbioni
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Dynamical Behaviour ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Race Car ◽  
Body Dynamics ◽  
Multi Body ◽  
Vehicle Chassis ◽  
Crash Tests

The dynamic behavior of the human body during race car maneuvers and frontal crash tests is analyzed in this paper. Both the vehicle and the human body have been modeled using the multi-body approach. Two commercial codes, BRG LifeMOD Biomechanics Modeler®, for the simulation of the human body dynamics, and MSC ADAMS/Car® for the modeling of the vehicle behavior, have been used for the purpose. Due to the impossibility of co-simulating, at first the accelerations on the driver’s chassis are determined using the vehicle’s multibody code and approximating the driver as a rigid body. Then, the calculated accelerations are applied to the vehicle chassis in the biomechanics code to assess the accelerations in various significant points on the driver.

Seatbelt effectiveness for rear seat occupants in full and offset frontal crash tests

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Mizuno ◽  
Yasuhiro Matsui ◽  
Takahiro Ikari ◽  
Toshihiro Toritsuka
Keyword(s):  
Rear Seat ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Crash Tests

Analysis of Lower Leg Injury of Occupant in Frontal Crash Tests Based on China NCAP Protocol

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 ◽  
pp. 400-405
Author(s):  
Zhi Xin Liu ◽  
Ren Jun Wan ◽  
Yong Wan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Crash Tests

With the popularization of passenger vehicle safety devices such as safety belt, airbag and so on, the chance that occupant’s upper limbs were injured seriously was decreased significantly in frontal impact. However, the injury of occupant’s lower limbs became more and more severe, especially on lower leg injury. 37 groups of test data of China NCAP crash tests including full-frontal rigid crash and 40% offset deformable barrier crash were investigated in this paper, and lower leg injury distributing characteristic of drivers and passengers in these two kinds of crash configurations were obtained. Finally the effect rules of characteristic parameters on lower leg injury were summarized.

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