scholarly journals CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR HUMANITARIAN CRIMES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ITS REFLECTION IN RUSSIAN NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Author(s):  
V. A. Bugaev ◽  
A. V. Chaika

The article discusses the problems of the relationship between international law in general and, in particular, international humanitarian law and the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation in determining responsibility for international humanitarian crimes. The analysis of the emergence of international humanitarian law, its fundamental principles and their reflection in the law of Russia and the Russian Federation.

Author(s):  
Carla Ferstman

This chapter considers the consequences of breaches of human rights and international humanitarian law for the responsible international organizations. It concentrates on the obligations owed to injured individuals. The obligation to make reparation arises automatically from a finding of responsibility and is an obligation of result. I analyse who has this obligation, to whom it is owed, and what it entails. I also consider the right of individuals to procedures by which they may vindicate their right to a remedy and the right of access to a court that may be implied from certain human rights treaties. In tandem, I consider the relationship between those obligations and individuals’ rights under international law. An overarching issue is how the law of responsibility intersects with the specialized regimes of human rights and international humanitarian law and particularly, their application to individuals.


Author(s):  
Seyla Benhabib

This chapter explores Jacques Rancière's trenchant critique of Hannah Arendt, after briefly recalling Arendt's discussion of the right to have rights. It shows how Rancière not only misreads Arendt, but much of what he defends as the necessary enactment of rights is quite compatible with an Arendtian understanding of political agency. The chapter then turns to the quandaries of “humanitarian reason,” in Didier Fassin's felicitous phrase. To address them, the chapter calls for a new conceptualization of the relationship between international law and emancipatory politics; a new way of understanding how to negotiate the facticity and the validity of the law, including international humanitarian law, such as to create new vistas for the political.


Author(s):  
Александр Викторович Шеслер

В статье анализируются предусмотренные в ст. 210 УК РФ основания уголовной ответственности лиц, занимающих высшее положение в преступной иерархии, к которым относятся, прежде всего, такие лидеры общеуголовной среды, как «воры в законе». Отмечается, что появление этой статьи в действующем УК РФ является результатом развития двух тенденций в уголовном законодательстве. Первая тенденция связана со стремлением законодателя криминализировать общественно опасную деятельность лидеров преступной среды, которая направлена на ее сплочение, однако отчуждена от совершения конкретных преступлений, не является соучастием в них. Вторая тенденция связана с расширением законодателем уголовно-правового значения общественной опасности личности, совершившей преступление, иное общественно опасное деяние или правонарушение (при совершении преступления с квалифицирующим признаком, характеризующим личность виновного, при административной преюдиции, при наличии у лица определенного социального статуса и т. п.). Констатируется, что установление уголовной ответственности за принадлежность лица к «ворам в законе» противоречит как закрепленному в ст. 3 УК РФ принципу законности, в соответствии с которым устанавливается преступность и наказуемость деяния, а не социального статуса, так и закрепленному в ст. 8 УК РФ положению, согласно которому основанием уголовной ответственности является деяние, содержащее все признаки состава преступления, а не социальный статус. The article analyses the grounds for criminal liability provided for in Art. 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for persons who occupy a higher position in the criminal hierarchy, which include, first of all, such leaders of the general criminal environment as “thieves in the law”. It is noted that the appearance of this article in the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is the result of the development of two trends in criminal legislation. The first trend was related to the legislator’s desire to criminalize the socially dangerous activities of the perpetrators of the criminal environment, which were aimed at bringing it together, but were alienated from the commission of specific crimes, and were not complicit in them. The second trend is related to the expansion by the legislator of the criminal legal value of the public danger of the person who committed the crime, other socially dangerous act or offence (In the case of a crime with a quali-fictive characteristic characterizing the identity of the perpetrator, in the case of administrative prelude, in the case of a person having a certain social status, etc.). It is stated that the establishment of criminal liability for belonging to “thieves in the law” is contrary to the principle of legality enshrined in Art. 3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Which establishes the criminality and punishability of an act rather than social status, And the provision contained in article 8 of the Criminal Code, according to which the basis of criminal liability is an act containing all the characteristics of the offence, not social status.


Author(s):  
SONA MKRTCHIAN ◽  

The purpose of the research is to identify the most successful ideas and legal techniques used in international law regarding regulations of defense against criminal offences in the sphere of cybersecurity, as well as blockchain functioning and cryptocurrency turnover. Results. On the basis of the positive international experience in regulating the criminal legal protection of relations in the last-mentioned sphere, the following directions for improving Russian criminal legislation were formulated: 1) fixation of the fair limits of the criminal administrative liability for defendant in reliance on the level of public danger of his personality and his offences; 2) creation of the formally defined crimes against computer information; 3) criminalization of some actions that precede cybercrimes; 4) expansion in the number of the mentioning of the sign "by interfering in the functioning of the resources of the storing, processing or transmitting computer information or data telecommunications network" as an essential or aggravating elements of crimes, typically committed with the use of information technologies (for example, in the articles number 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 146, 147, 163, 165, 240, 240.1, 241 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, etc.); 5) expansion in the number of the elements of crimes combined in the chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in reliance on the modern criminal schemes and typical criminal situations in the world of information technology; 6) expansion of the effect of the article number 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on any criminal offense to the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation and inclusion of the additional aggravating elements in the text of this article.


Author(s):  
Tsvetelina van Benthem

Abstract This article examines the redirection of incoming missiles when employed by defending forces to whom obligations to take precautions against the effects of attacks apply. The analysis proceeds in four steps. In the first step, the possibility of redirection is examined from an empirical standpoint. Step two defines the contours of the obligation to take precautions against the effects of attacks. Step three considers one variant of redirection, where a missile is redirected back towards the adversary. It is argued that such acts of redirection would fulfil the definition of attack under the law of armed conflict, and that prima facie conflicts of obligations could be avoided through interpretation of the feasibility standard embedded in the obligation to take precautions against the effects of attacks. Finally, step four analyzes acts of redirection against persons under the control of the redirecting State. Analyzing this scenario calls for an inquiry into the relationship between the relevant obligations under international humanitarian law and human rights law.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya V. Talan ◽  
Ramil R. Gayfutdinov

The development of modern computer technology and changes in federal legislation introduced in recent years, have caused the authors to identify the main trends in the development of criminal liability for crimes against the security of computer information: four areas that encourage the need to increase criminal liability for acts committed with computer technology. The paper also gives a historical overview devoted to the development of computer technologies and a general description of crimes in the field of computer information, taking into account changes introduced into criminal legislation by Federal Law No. 194-FZ dated July 26, 2017.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
V.V. Kusakin ◽  

The article is devoted to the analysis of Article 350 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which provides for criminal liability for violation of the rules of driving or operating cars, the evolution of this article and the problems of sentencing under it are considered. One of the suggestions for improving this article is to change its sanction, which will eliminate the identified significant legal gap. The author conducted a comprehensive analysis of various aspects related to the criminal violation of traffic safety rules and the operation of military vehicles, and proposed the author's solution to the problematic aspects. The study used specific dialectical methods: comparative, hermeneutical, discursive, formal-legal, as well as some sociological methods: observation, methods of expert assessments and analysis. The provisions contained in the materials of the article can be used to improve the current criminal legislation and to develop explanations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in reviews of judicial practice.


Author(s):  
E.R. Gafurova

The article deals with the issues of improving the Russian criminal legislation on toughening responsibility in the context of coronavirus infection. The author analyzes the effectiveness of measures to tighten criminal liability for violations of quarantine measures in order to counter the spread of coronavirus infection in foreign countries and presents proposals for improving Russian criminal legislation, taking into account the data of a sociological study conducted among citizens of the Russian Federation. In order to study the norms of criminal legislation introduced by Federal Law No. 100-FZ of 01.04.2020, on liability for the dissemination of deliberately false information about circumstances that pose a threat to the life and safety of citizens, examples of judicial practice are given. There is a promising tightening of legal liability in the context of the spread of coronavirus infection in Russia based on the experience of foreign countries.


2021 ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
Н.Д. Эриашвили ◽  
Г.М. Сарбаев ◽  
В.И. Федулов

В представленной статье рассмотрены проблемы коллодирующих привязок в международном частном праве и особенности их правовой регламентации в законодательстве Российской Федерации. Автором проанализированы особенности нормативного закрепления данного типа привязок в системе международных договоров, а также механизм имплементации этих норм в национальном законодательстве различных государств. На основе сложившейся практики применения коллодирующих привязок национальными органами государственной власти обоснована необходимость учета публичных интересов государства в данных правоотношениях. The present article examines the problems of collodizing links in private international law and the peculiarities of their legal regulation in the legislation of the Russian Federation. The author analyzed the peculiarities of this type of binding in the system of international treaties, as well as the mechanism for implementing these norms in the national legislation of various states. On the basis of the established practice of applying collodial links by national authorities, the need to take into account the public interests of the State in these legal relations is justified.


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