scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND AQUATIC ECOLOGY IN SEARCH OF ANSWERS TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIME

Ekosistemy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
N. V. Shadrin ◽  
E. V. Anufriieva
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Stable States ◽  
The North ◽  
Ecological Concepts ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Adaptive Environmental Management ◽  
Rapid Transformation

Currently, the destruction of landscapes is taking place with a decrease in the sustainability and productivity of natural ecosystems. One of the main reasons for this is inadequate environmental management, which, as a rule, is based on inadequate outdated theoretical ecological concepts. The totality of accumulated data shows that real ecosystems can be in several alternative states and demonstrate relatively rapid changes in the regime of existence with significant, abrupt and permanent changes in structure and functioning. In this regard, the main ecosystem paradigm is currently being revised. From the theoretical concept of the unicity of the ecosystem stable state, ecology moves to the concept of the multiplicity of stable states in the ecosystem. The dynamics of ecosystems can be represented, according to K. Holling, in the form of an adaptation cycle with the alternation of four phases, the features of which are considered. The importance of no return points and possible uncertainty in the dynamics of ecosystems are shown. Ecosystems, in a certain sense, have memory, which is the reason for the hysteresis effect during multidirectional changes in systems. The necessity of developing approaches of adaptive ecosystem management based on this concept is shown. Which is especially important in cases of rapid transformation of natural ecosystems, such, as an example, in the Crimea after the cessation of the supply of Dnieper water to the North Crimean canal. The difficulties of transition to adaptive environmental management in modern conditions are analyzed.

ANTHROPOGENIC AND ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE СRIMEAN ECOLOGY

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
N.P. Demchenko ◽  
N.Yu. Polyakova
Keyword(s):  
Business Owners ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The North ◽  
Chemical Release ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Russian Plant ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Town ◽  
Integrated Indicators ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The situation in the ecology of the Crimean Peninsula in recent years was discussed in the article. The analysis of absolute and integrated indicators of the anthropogenic impact showed that the ecological situation remains difficult, and according to some indicators even continues to deteriorate. In summer 2018, the situation had worsened because of the large chemical release of titanium dioxide on the north of the Crimea from the holding pond of a large Russian plant that is situated near the town of Armyansk. This, in turn, led to the contamination of the large territory on the north of the peninsula. This fact indicates insufficient control by officials of the Republic of Crimea over the implementation of the RF laws for environmental protection by business owners of various forms of ownership, especially private ownership, the level of responsibility for the environment of which is very low.

scholarly journals Simulation of nitrogen deposition in the North China Plain by the FRAME model

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3319-3329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
A. J. Dore ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
F. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Total N ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain

Abstract. Simulation of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in the North China Plain (NCP) at high resolution, 5 × 5 km2, was conducted for the first time by the Fine Resolution Atmospheric Multi-pollutant Exchange (FRAME) model. The total N deposition budget was 1481 Gg in this region, with 77 % from reduced N and 23 % from oxidized N, and the annual deposition rate (47 kg N ha−1) was much higher than previously reported values for other parts of the world such as the UK (13 kg N ha−1), Poland (7.3 kg N ha−1) and EU27 (8.6 kg N ha−1). The exported N component (1981 Gg) was much higher than the imported N component (584 Gg), suggesting that the NCP is an important net emission source of N pollutants. Contributions of N deposition budgets from the seven provinces in this region were proportional to their area ratios. The calculated spatial distributions of N deposition displayed high rates of reduced N deposition in the south and of oxidized N deposition in the eastern part. The N deposition exceeded an upper limit of 30 kg N ha−1 for natural ecosystems over more than 90 % of the region, resulting in terrestrial ecosystem deterioration, impaired air quality and coastal eutrophication not only in the NCP itself but also in surrounding areas including the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.

scholarly journals Path-dependent institutions drive alternative stable states in conservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Tekwa ◽  
Eli P. Fenichel ◽  
Simon A. Levin ◽  
Malin L. Pinsky
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Alternative Stable State ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Path Dependent

Understanding why some renewable resources are overharvested while others are conserved remains an important challenge. Most explanations focus on institutional or ecological differences among resources. Here, we provide theoretical and empirical evidence that conservation and overharvest can be alternative stable states within the same exclusive-resource management system because of path-dependent processes, including slow institutional adaptation. Surprisingly, this theory predicts that the alternative states of strong conservation or overharvest are most likely for resources that were previously thought to be easily conserved under optimal management or even open access. Quantitative analyses of harvest rates from 217 intensely managed fisheries supports the predictions. Fisheries’ harvest rates also showed transient dynamics characteristic of path dependence, as well as convergence to the alternative stable state after unexpected transitions. This statistical evidence for path dependence differs from previous empirical support that was based largely on case studies, experiments, and distributional analyses. Alternative stable states in conservation appear likely outcomes for many cooperatively managed renewable resources, which implies that achieving conservation outcomes hinges on harnessing existing policy tools to navigate transitions.

The Saljūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Crimea

AbstractThe reign of Sultan ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād (1219-1237) is depicted by both mediaeval and modern sources as the apogee of the Saljūq Sultanate of Rūm (Anatolia) (c. 1081–1308). The later court historian, Ibn Bībī, reflected subsequent generations' perception of ‘Alā’ al-Dīn when he recorded that “the earth has never borne a king the like of him, nor have the high heavens looked down on such a one”. Above all, his reign was remembered for the great military conquests that unified much of Anatolia under Saljūq rule. To the north, south and east neighbouring principalities, both Muslim and Christian, were either annexed outright or reduced to tributary status in a series of memorable campaigns.

scholarly journals Стоянка среднего палеолита в пещере Иманай-1 на Южном Урале: предварительные итоги археологических исследований

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1271-1291
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav G. Kotov ◽  
◽  
Mikhail M. Rumyantsev ◽  
Dmitry O. Gimranov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Ural Mountain ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Cave Bear ◽  
The North ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Stone Industry

Introduction. Imanai-1 Cave is a new monument of the Middle Paleolithic in the Southern Urals. It was discovered by the authors in 2009 and is located in the west of the Ural mountain system, in the interfluve of the Belaya and Nugush Rivers, on the border of the mountain-forest and steppe zones. Goals. The paper aims to introduce preliminary results of archaeological investigations into scientific discourse. Results. The cave is of a tunnel type, its 70 m long passage ending with a far hall which contained bones of a small cave bear and a cave lion. The monument is multi-layered. The first cultural horizon contained 399 items of stone and bone. Tools make up to 60 % of all stone products, while cores and scales are absent, therefore, primary and secondary processing was carried out outside the far hall. The stone industry is characterized by the use of shards and amorphous flint chips. The working areas were made out with monofacial and bifacial retouching, incisal cleavage. The tools are of the following types: 3 Mousterian bifacial points, 4 convergent side-scrapers with bifacial processing, butt knives, some with bifacial processing ― 6 items, carvers on fragments and amorphous chips ― 229 items (59 %), points ― 19 items (5 %), tools with a thorn ― 13 items (3 %), incisors ― 21 items (5 %). At the base of the first cultural horizon, a skull of a small cave bear with an artificial hole made with a stone spearhead was found. The industry of the site has numerous analogies at the Ilskaya-1 site in the North Caucasus and in the materials of the upper layer of the Kiik-Koba grotto in the Crimea, as well as at other sites of the Middle Paleolithic of the Tayacian tradition. Three uncalibrated dates show the interval from 26 to 42 thousand years. This indicates the finale of the Mousterian era.

scholarly journals Repressive Policy of the Ussr Towards Certain Peoples in the Years of the Great Patriotic War (in Particular, the Bulgarians in the Urals)

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Kamenskikh Mikhail
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Field Trip ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Forest Exploitation ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The North ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Perm Krai ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to studying Russian Bulgarians living in the Urals in the 1940s with the help of archive materials of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions as well as Perm Krai. During the Great Patriotic War the USS Rcitizens of Bulgarian origin, like many other peoples, were subject to repressions which meant enrollment in labour army and deporting every single Bulgarian of the Crimea. As a result of the semeasures, a significant number of Bulgarians were moved to the territory of the modern Urals. The deported Bulgarians settled in areas of logging (forest exploitation) in the north of Molotov and Sverdlovsk regions, and members of the labour army were employed in the trust organization «Chelyabmetallurgstroi». The Bulgarians were deported along with other peoples of the Crimea. They did not form compact settlement in the new areas but managed to preserve their traditional culture. Some families were even able to organize permanent lodging in the Urals, pursue a career and contribute to the development of the region. The author is convinced that the judicial legal documents kept in archives as well as field trip research results may serve as a significant but not sufficiently appreciated source of investigating the history of deporting Russian Bulgarians. The topicality of the sources grew after the year 2020 when the 75-years’ period of storing documents of the year 1945 expired. Autobiographies, biographic information, interrogation protocols enable to obtain a detailed reconstruction of deportation circumstances and the process of enrollment into labour army, and to see these events through the prism of the repressed people themselves. Researching the history of repression, inparticular – repression of the Bulgarians – has revealed how complex and controversial the policy of the soviet state towards certain peoples during the Great Patriotic War was.

Design and Characterization of Single Beam for Latching Electrothermal Microswitch

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 286-289
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Sheng Ping Mao ◽  
Gui Fu Ding
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Cantilever Beams ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Single Beam ◽  
Fabrication And Characterization ◽  
Continuous Power

This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of single beam for latching electrothermal microswitch. This microswitch consists of two cantilever beams using bimorph electrothermal actuator with mechanical latching for performing low power bistable relay applications. A stable state can be acquired without continuous power which is only needed to switch between two stable states of the microactuator. The single beam is discussed mainly to judge the possibility of realizing the designed function. First, reasonable shape of the resistance is designed using finite element analysis software ANSYS. Then, mechanical performance was characterized by WYKO NT1100 optical profiling system, the tip deflection of single beam can meet the designed demand.

Investigating microplastic behaviour in a well-mixed estuary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nia Jones ◽  
Simon Neill ◽  
Peter Robins ◽  
Matthew Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Type System ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Future Projections ◽  
Catchment Population ◽  
The North ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Tidal Embayment

<p>Rivers and estuaries act as conduits of microplastic transport, linking terrestrial and marine environments: however, it is unclear to what extent estuaries act as sources or sinks for marine plastic waste. In densely populated catchments, microplastic pollution could impact human populations and natural ecosystems including through industry, domestic activities or direct exposure. An investigation into the physical behaviour of microplastic within estuarine systems will allow for a greater understanding of plastic retention and exportation to coastal and offshore environments. A high resolution 3D model (Delft D-Flow FM) of the Conwy Estuary (UK) is under development, with current and future projections of microplastic concentrations used to determine local exposure levels, residence times and temporal variability.</p><p>The Conwy Estuary (UK) is a well-mixed macro-tidal, embayment type system connecting the Conwy catchment to the North Wales coast and Irish Sea – where waters are used for leisure and aquaculture. Microplastics derived from the catchment population, industry and agriculture are thought to flow into the estuary primarily from the Conwy river network. Because of this, this study will incorporate in-situ samples of microplastic concentrations in river water to be able to predict microplastic levels in the estuary with greater accuracy. Plastic dispersal simulations through particle tracking and water quality monitoring will be undertaken using known concentrations and future projections of microplastic.</p><p>The results of the model validation as well as application to plastic dispersal simulations will be presented.</p>

Automated modal parameters identification of bistable composite plate using two-stage clustering of operational modal testing

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832090308
Author(s):  
Mahdi Ghamami ◽  
Hassan Nahvi ◽  
Vahid Yaghoubi
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Composite Plate ◽  
Ritz Method ◽  
Stable State ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Modal Testing ◽  
Modal Parameters ◽  
Identification Algorithm ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Modal Parameters Identification

In recent years, smart structures have attracted much interest as morphing structures. One of the simplest types of these structures is bistable composite plate, which has many applications in aerospace, structures, actuators, etc. On the other hand, inverse problem theory provides conceptual ideas and methods for the practical solution of applied problems. These methods are opposite of the forward problem and define a model of the system based on output or observations. In this paper, a modified identification algorithm is used to determine the modal parameters of a bistable composite plate based on vibrational signals. Both analytical and experimental approaches have been considered and analytical method has been used to investigate the accuracy of identification algorithm, which has been performed based on experimental measurement. In the analytical method, static and free vibration behaviors of a cross-ply bistable composite plate are studied by the Hamilton's principle and the Rayleigh–Ritz method. The experimental approach is performed by an operational modal testing, which is a nondestructive test. The identification process does not require user interaction and the process uses only a single dataset and there is no need to repeat the test or data collection. The advantages of the proposed algorithm is the ability to determine the modal parameters of each stable state with high accuracy and robustness. A comparison of the natural frequencies shows that the identification of both stable states has been successful and the estimated modal parameters are in good agreement with the analytical and experimental results.

Architecture of One-Apsidal Churches of North Black Sea Coast VI-XII c.

2018 ◽  
Vol 931 ◽  
pp. 790-796
Author(s):  
Viktoria V. Pishchulina
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
The One ◽  
Sea Coast

A one-apsidal hall church is always a reflection of so-called “vulgar” Christianity, thus revealing the important peculiarities of the spatial culture of the region where it is erected. In this region we can mark two periods when such temples were built: VI-VII c. and X-XII c. The first period is associated with the missionary activity by Byzantine Empire, Antioch, Caucasian Albania which was conditioned by both geopolitical interests (Byzantian Empire, Antioch) and the shift of The Great Silk Way to the north (Caucasian Albania). The second, as the research has shown, is connected with the migration of the peoples of Abkhazia, the abzakhs to this territory in the XII-XIII c. and the development of contacts with the Crimea. In the North Black Sea Region the one-apsidal hall church appears as early as in the VI c. – in the territory of Abkhazia we know about ten such temples. The temples of this type in the area of Big Sochi are dated back to the VII-VIII c. In the first Abhzaian temples we can reveal the influence of denominational centers – Byzantian Empire, Antioch, Caucasian Albania. In the temples of the Black Sea coast of both periods – introduction of the samples from Abkhazia.

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