scholarly journals The Determinants of Household Spending on Alcohol and Tobacco in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Stephen Richard Mwaisakila ◽  
Vid Adrison
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
Unhealthy Behaviour ◽  
Major Factors

The increasing effects caused by alcohol and tobacco calls for necessary interventions. This is not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries which seems to be affected more by this problem. Studies show that 80% of smokers worldwide are living in developing countries where tobacco related diseases have become major factors contributing toward high morbidity. Moreover, excessive alcohol consumption has been among global public health problems, where it accounts for about 6% of mortality and 5% of disability in the world. In addition, the prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) was reported at 4% globally while in Africa it was 3%. Tanzania being the developing country and located in Africa is also at risk to be affected more if the necessary measures to control this unhealthy behaviour are not taken. However, due to limited information about the structure and behaviour of people in spending and consumption of these addictive products in Tanzania, it will be difficult to prepare relevant measures to curb those problems. Therefore, by using Tobit regression model, this study examined the influence of socioeconomic characteristics on alcohol and tobacco spending. This study found factors such income, culture, and change in preference over time to have a significant relationship with spending on alcohol and tobacco. This study creates a base for alcohol and tobacco spending behaviour in Tanzania. After determining spending behaviour, further studies need to be conducted to examine consumption behaviour and its effects to prepare relevant measures to control the risks of alcohol and tobacco in Tanzania.

From physical to virtual store: factors that spur Bangladeshi manufacturers/retailers to introduce multi-channel retailing

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Thohidul Karim ◽  
Xu Qi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
Major Factors

Purpose Multi-channel business operations are standard practice in most business contexts today. The popularity of multi-channel adoption among developing countries is growing fast. In Bangladesh, the retailers who adopted multi-channel retailing have been getting a very good response from the consumers. This study aims to understand the factors that influence manufacturers’ decisions to adopt multiple channels in Bangladesh. The authors applied an extended technology acceptance model with three variables: business innovation, business competition and consumer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach Partial least squares-structural equation modeling was applied to test the data collected from 157 companies and relevant hypotheses. Findings The study findings show that Bangladeshi manufacturers are positive about, and expect benefits from, applying the new channel. The study also revealed that customer satisfaction considerably affects multi-channel adoption in Bangladesh. Similarly, business innovation and business competition play a significant role in introducing multiple business channels. Research limitations/implications This research was conducted in Bangladesh, and data are collected from Dhaka and Chittagong that may limit the generalizability of findings. Practical implications The research goal was to understand a manufacturer’s perception to adopt multi-channel in business. The proposed research model was able to address the major factors that drive a manufacturer to introduce multiple business channels, especially in Bangladesh. Originality/value Many research and case studies have been done the past couple of decades, but most of them are consumer oriented. Little research has been done to investigate a manufacturer’s point of view adapting innovation in business. Though some research articles are available online, most of them from developed countries. So, the study’s goal was to study developing countries scenario; thus, the authors choose Bangladesh.

Childhood Cancers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Roman ◽  
Tracy Lightfoot ◽  
Susan Picton ◽  
Sally Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter addresses the wide range of histological and site-specific cancers that occur before age 25. It considers disease classifications, predisposing factors, and the epidemiology of the most common malignancies seen in children, and adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Cancer before age 25 is rare, accounting for < 2% of diagnoses in economically developed countries. The global burden of childhood cancers is, difficult to quantify, however, since over 80% of the world’s children and AYAs live in economically developing countries, where high morbidity/mortality from infectious disease and nutritional deficiency complicate diagnosis. Both inherited and environmental factors influence cancer risk in children and AYAs, although the relative contribution of each varies widely among cancer subtypes and relatively few causal associations are well established.

Poverty in Kazakhstan

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
T. Aliev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
The World ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries

To properly assess the extent of poverty in Kazakhstan it is important to understand the methodology of its definition and measurement. There are three basic concepts of measuring poverty. Absolute poverty is based on the establishment of a living wage or poverty line. The position of the World Bank is dominant in the world in the assessment of absolute poverty. The WB experts use multiple criteria income. An internationally accepted poverty line was established in 2005 at US$ 1.25 (PPP) per person per day. They also used less “hard” indicator of US$ 2 per day (in constant 2005 prices) which is the median poverty line for all developing countries. For the transitional economies WB applies poverty line based on the differential absolute poverty equal to US$ 4.3 (before 1999 – US$ 4), for developed economies – US$ 11. According to a relative concept, the category of poor includes individuals and households with income clearly insufficient to live on prevailing community standards of consumption. This approach is used primarily for the developed countries. For example, in the EU the relative poverty is defined at the level of 60% of the median per capita income. Subjective approach (developed by Leiden University, Netherlands) takes into account people’s own estimates of their welfare status. In terms of Kazakhstan, the author states that any one-dimensional approach will fail to estimate the real extent of poverty and deprivation of the population. International and national statistics fail to provide an accurate picture of the number of poor in the country and the dynamics of poverty. According to national and WB statistics, in recent decades Kazakhstan showed substantial progress in reducing poverty. However, this was achieved largely due to maintaining rather low official levels of subsistence and cost of minimum food basket. Establishment of these indicators is mainly determined by political considerations, thus it lacks objectivity. For a country aiming to improve competitiveness of its economy and to achieve the level and quality of life comparable to developed countries the focus on a poverty criteria that is close to the standards of the poorest developing countries is not acceptable. Actually, the poverty situation in Kazakhstan continues to be a serious challenge. This is evidenced by the materials of international statistics based on criteria of poverty for countries in transition; by a quite high proportion of household spending on food and the relatively low (as compared to many Eastern European countries) national poverty line. It is concluded that a large-scale poverty still persists in Kazakhstan despite high rates of economic growth.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of Policy Barriers Related to Trade Costs for Exporters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabana Noureen ◽  
Zafar Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Trade Cost ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Barriers ◽  
Major Factors

Abstract The trade costs imposed by numerous policy and non-policy barriers on exporters are still considered an impediment in their export growth rate. Thus, this paper aims to measure over-year trends in total trade costs and trends in trade costs related to policy barriers. Further, to find out which trade cost-policy barriers are high. The research found that total trade costs have a decreasing trend for the rest of the world while developing countries like Pakistan have the lowest rate of a declining trend. Trade cost estimates associated with tariff barriers show a declining trend, whereas trade costs related to non-tariff barriers are on the rise as compared to developed countries. The results further reveal that higher trade costs are among the major factors that have rendered especially developing countries’ exports uncompetitive in world markets.JEL codes: F1, F10, F13, F14

Emerging Nutrition Gaps in a World of Affluence - Micronutrient Intake and Status Globally

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Eggersdorfer ◽  
Paul Walter
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
New Science ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Micronutrient Intake

Nutrition is important for human health in all stages of life - from conception to old age. Today we know much more about the molecular basis of nutrition. Most importantly, we have learnt that micronutrients, among other factors, interact with genes, and new science is increasingly providing more tools to clarify this interrelation between health and nutrition. Sufficient intake of vitamins is essential to achieve maximum health benefit. It is well established that in developing countries, millions of people still suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. However, it is far less recognized that we face micronutrient insufficiencies also in developed countries.

Country Rankings of Women's Status: An Alternative Index

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4III) ◽  
pp. 1025-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mohiuddln
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Women’S Status ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
Population Crisis ◽  
Status Of Women

The purpose of the present paper is to formulate a composite index of the status of women and to rank both developed and developing countries on the basis of that index. This index is presented as an alternative or complement to the current status of women index, published by the Population Crisis Committee (PCC) and used by the World Bank and the United Nations, which focuses on indicators measuring health, education, employment, marriage and childbearing, and social equality. The paper argues that these indicators have a poverty-bias and measure women's status in terms of structural change rather than in terms of their welfare vis-ii-vis men. The PCC index is also based on the implicit assumption that women's status in developing countries ought to be defined in a similar way as in developed countries, thus including primarily only those indicators which are more relevant for developed countries. To remedy these defects, the paper presents an alternative composite index, hereafter labelled the Alternative Composite (AC) index, based on many more indicators reflecting women's issues in both developed and developing countries. The results of the statistical analysis show that the ranking of countries based on the AC index is significantly different from the PCC index.

International Economic Assistance in the 1970's — A Critique of Partners in Development (Review Article)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-490
Author(s):  
Nurul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Foreign economic aid is at the cross-roads. There is an atmosphere of gloom and disenchantment surrounding international aid in both the developed and developing countries — more so in the former than in the latter. Doubts have grown in the developed countries, especially among the conservatives in these countries, as to the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development, the wastes and inefficiency involved in the use of aid, the adequacy of self-help on the part of the recipient countries in husbanding and mobilising their own resources for development and the dangers of getting involved, through ex¬tensive foreign-aid operations, in military or diplomatic conflicts. The waning of confidence on the part of the donors in the rationale of foreign aid has been accentuated by an increasing concern with their domestic problems as well as by the occurrence of armed conflicts among the poor, aid-recipient countries strengthened by substantial defence expenditure that diverts resources away from development. The disenchantment on the part of the recipient countries is, on the other hand, associated with the inadequacy of aid, the stop-go nature of its flow in many cases, and the intrusion of noneconomic considerations governing the allocation of aid amongst the recipient countries. There is a reaction in the developing countries against the dependence, political and eco¬nomic, which heavy reliance on foreign aid generates. The threat of the in¬creasing burden of debt-service charge haunts the developing world and brings them back to the donors for renewed assistance and/or debt rescheduling.

IMPACT OF NATIONAL DISASTER COVID-19, INDONESIA TOWARDS ECONOMIC RECESSION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
endang naryono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Disaster

Covid-19 or the corona virus is a virus that has become a disaster and a global humanitarian disaster began in December 2019 in Wuhan province in China, April 2020 the spread of the corona virus has spread throughout the world making the greatest humanitarian disaster in the history of human civilization after the war world II, Already tens of thousands of people have died, millions of people have been infected with the conona virus from poor countries, developing countries to developed countries overwhelmed by this virus outbreak. Increasingly, the spread follows a series of measurements while patients who recover recover from a series of counts so that this epidemic becomes a very frightening disaster plus there is no drug or vaccine for this corona virus yet found, so that all countries implement strategies to reduce this spread from social distancing, phycal distancing to with a city or country lockdown.

A summary of beach nourishment in China: The past decade of practices

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Gen Liu ◽  
Feng Cai ◽  
Hongshuai Qi ◽  
Jianhui Liu ◽  
Gang Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beach Nourishment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ecological Design ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Urban Beaches

Beach nourishment has been widely used for beach protection around the world. However, there is limited information about beach nourishment in China. This study offers an overview of beach nourishment practices, status and technological advances in China, based on the literature, reports, and personal communications. The results demonstrate that beach nourishment has been recognized as an effective and environmentally friendly measure to combat coastal erosion and has been increasingly adopted in China, especially in the past decade. The unique characteristics of coastal China resulted in a difference in beach nourishment between China and Western developed countries in terms of the types, objectives, and shapes of beach nourishment. For the types of nourishments in China, there were approximately the same number of restored beaches and newly constructed beaches. For fill sediment, homogeneous fill and heterogeneous fill comprised 51.1% and 48.9% of projects, respectively. The objective of beach nourishment was mainly to promote coastal tourism, and the shape of nourished beaches was dominated by headland bays. This study also indicated that China has achieved a number of technological advances in beach nourishment, including methods of beach nourishment on severely eroded coasts and muddy coasts, an optimized design of drain pipes involved in urban beaches, and ecological design considerations. From the past decade of practices, four aspects were proposed as considerations for future nourishment: sand sources, technique advances, ecological effects, and management of beach nourishments.

A Decade of the World Trade Organization and the Trade Performance of Muslim Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Ruzita Mohd. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Wto Agreements

The World Trade Organization (WTO), established on 1 January 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), has played an important role in promoting global free trade. The implementation of its agreements, however, has not been smooth and easy. In fact this has been particularly difficult for developing countries, since they are expected to be on a level playing field with the developed countries. After more than a decade of existence, it is worth looking at the WTO’s impact on developing countries, particularly Muslim countries. This paper focuses mainly on the performance of merchandise trade of Muslim countries after they joined the WTO. I first analyze their participation in world merchandise trade and highlight their trade characteristics in general. This is then followed by a short discussion on the implications of WTO agreements on Muslim countries and some recommendations on how to face this challenge.

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