scholarly journals Repositioning Pan-Africanism for Human Security in the 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
Mark Omorovie Ikeke
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Water Education ◽  
The People ◽  
Modern Slavery ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
National Boundaries

Africa in the 21st century is still troubled by myriads of problems. These problems include neo-colonialism, modern slavery, ethnicism, racism, xenophobic attacks, environmental degradation, human trafficking, sexual exploitation, war, famine, terrorism, conflicts, etc. All these problems gravely impede human security. Human security is more than military or national security and refers to all that constitutes the good life and makes life more abundant for the people. Human securities include the access to food, portable water, education, good environment, human rights, etc. Resolving and combating these problems will require concerted efforts on the part of many if not all African nations in the continent and Diaspora. Some of these problems cut across national boundaries. Problems like terrorism, illegal migration, human trafficking, sexual exploitation, xenophobic attacks, etc cut across national borders. Though Pan-Africanism may have waned in strength it can be repositioned to harness African cultural and historic values to combat its contemporary problems in the 21st century. A hermeneutic method will be used to interpret the meaning and import of Pan-Africanism and human security. A critical analytic method will be used to discuss the issues. The paper finds and concludes that Pan-Africanism can be re-positioned to enable Africa combat the problems facing her.

PERSEFEKTIF IN HUMAN TRAFFICKING CRIME LAW NUMBER 39 OF 1999 ON HUMAN RIGHTS CASE AGAINST CHILD TRAFFICKING IN MEDAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Ida Monika Putu Ayu Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
The People ◽  
Public Company ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Human Rights Violation

Laws are the norms that govern all human actions that can be done and should not be carried out both written and unwritten and have sanctions, so that the entry into force of these rules can be forced or coercive and binding for all the people of Indonesia. The most obvious form of manifestation of legal sanctions appear in criminal law. In criminal law there are various forms of crimes and violations, one of the crimes listed in the criminal law, namely the crime of Human Trafficking is often perpetrated against women and children. Human Trafficking is any act of trafficking offenders that contains one or more acts, the recruitment, transportation between regions and countries, alienation, departure, reception. With the threat of the use of verbal and physical abuse, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of a position of vulnerability, example when a person has no other choice, isolated, drug dependence, forest traps, and others, giving or receiving of payments or benefits women and children used for the purpose of prostitution and sexual exploitation. These crimes often involving women and children into slavery. Trafficking in persons is a modern form of human slavery and is one of the worst forms of violation of human dignity (Public Company Act No. 21 of 2007, on the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons). Crime human trafficking crime has been agreed by the international community as a form of human rights violation.  

Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadejda K. Marinova
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Human Smuggling ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Forced Marriage ◽  
Academic Scholarship ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Children

Trafficking and smuggling in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. In the world today, there are more slaves than at any other time in human history—these present-day slaves are the victims of human smuggling and human trafficking. Human trafficking refers to the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of forced labor, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may encompass providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage, or the extraction of organs or tissues, including for surrogacy and ova removal. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Almost every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, transit or destination for victims. The 1980s saw human trafficking emerge on the political agenda of states as well as of supranational and international organizations. By the early 1990s, human smuggling—which is extremely important in illegal migration—has prompted policy attention. The academic scholarship on human smuggling focuses on the factors for the increase of trafficking, the structure and organization of smuggler networks, and on the question of whether smuggled individuals are victims or perpetrators of a crime.

Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Organized Procuring in Finland

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Viuhko
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Debt Bondage ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Sexual Services

A joint Finnish—Swedish—Estonian study, completed in 2008, analysed the connections between human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation and organized crime. This article deals with prostitution-related human trafficking and organized procuring in Finland in the 21st century. Finland is studied as a country of destination where foreign women, mainly from the adjacent eastern and southern regions, are brought to sell sexual services. The article concentrates on the perpetrators, their modi operandi and the structure of the criminal organizations. In particular, the control measures that are imposed on the procured women are examined; such measures comprise different sets of rules, violence and the threat of violence, and the so-called debt bondage.

Women Mental Health and Trafficking

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S9-S9
Author(s):  
M. Schouler-Ocak
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Modern Slavery

“Trafficking in persons,” “human trafficking,” and “modern slavery” have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Trafficking in persons is an insult to human dignity and an assault on freedom, and robbing basic human rights (US Report, 2015). Reliable data on trafficking are difficult to obtain owing to its illegal nature; the range and severity of trafficking activities; and variations in how trafficking is defined. It is supposed that 49 per cent of the victims are women, 21 per cent girls, 18 per cent men and 12 per cent boys. 53 per cent were involved in sexual exploitation and 40 per cent in forced labor (UN, 2014).Research findings show that the limitations of current methodologies affect what is known about human trafficking and health. Moreover, findings demonstrate an urgent need for representative and non–purposive recruitment strategies in future investigations of trafficking and health as well as research on risk and protective factors related to human trafficking and health, intervention effectiveness, long-term health outcomes. The psychological impact of victimization may be more severe than the physical violence. Victims who have been rescued from sexual slavery, typically present with various psychological symptoms and mental illnesses, including the following: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, panic disorder, suicidal ideation, Stockholm syndrome, and substance abuse. In this talk current findings will be presented and discussed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

El déficit de denuncias de víctimas de prostitución forzada en México

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-217
Author(s):  
Simón Pedro Izcara Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The People ◽  
Depth Interviews

México posee una legislación estricta en materia de trata de personas, pero tal legislación tiene poca utilidad si las víctimas no denuncian a sus explotadores. Este artículo, fundamentado en una metodología cualitativa que incluye la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a 47 víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual, parte de la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿por qué las víctimas extranjeras de este tipo específico de trata que se encuentran en México no denuncian a las personas que las explotan? Concluimos que la corrupción es el factor que inhibe las denuncias y favorece el crecimiento de la industria de la trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual en México. Mexico has strict legislation on human trafficking; however, this legislation is of little use if victims do not denounce their exploiters. Engaging a qualitative methodology that includes in-depth interviews with forty-seven victims of human trafficking, this article proceeds from the following research question: Why do foreign victims of sexual exploitation in Mexico not blow the whistle on the people who exploit them? Evidence suggests that corruption inhibits criminal complaints and favors growth of the human trafficking industry in Mexico.

scholarly journals Modern-Day Slavery – Human Trafficking In The 21st Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-511
Author(s):  
Mihai Ştefănoaia
Keyword(s):  
Title I ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Modern Slavery ◽  
Special Part ◽  
Modern Day Slavery ◽  
Vulnerable Persons

Abstract Human trafficking represents an extremely serious social phenomenon, which brings serious prejudices to the fundamental rights of men. Human trafficking (infringement that is regulated and incriminated by the current Penal Code in the Special Part, Title I – Infringements against the person, Chapter VII – The trafficking and the exploitation of the vulnerable persons, article 210) represents one of the modern forms of slavery, together with work exploitation and the traffic of organs. Due to the abolishing of slavery and the incrimination of its practices, this form of human denigration has continued to exist against all forms of rebutment. This situation may be explained through the theories mentioned. Still, one of the reasons for which slavery has resisted until nowadays is because it has changed its form, adapting to the new social and political requirements. As a result, the three forms of modern slavery have appeared, among which human trafficking.

scholarly journals COMBATING CHILD TRAFFICKING: IS THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (CRC) AND EXISTING LAWS IN MALAYSIA ADEQUATE?

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Nor Shuhada Kamaruddin ◽  
Najibah Mohd Zin
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Child Victims ◽  
Child Trafficking ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
Modern Slavery

This article is a study on human trafficking, which is the second most lucrative and profitable transnational organized crime in the world after drug trafficking. This crime is also known as a form of modern slavery, where humans are used as commodities to generate profit, and victims are prevented from accessing their fundamental rights. The victims of this crime are women, men, and children; however, the repercussions are far more serious when involving children. Human trafficking devastates the prospects of the future generation, where children are often forced into sexual exploitation, forced labour, illegal adoption and child marriage. In addition, such crime not only impacts the social, politic, economic and national security of a country but is also a grave violation of the child victims’ human rights. The main objective of the present article is to address the adequacy of Malaysian law in dealing with child trafficking and to see whether it is in line with international standards. The study suggests that many gaps exist in the current legislation dealing with human trafficking. These gaps need to be addressed especially those dealing with child trafficking. A qualitative approach was utilized in this study, where it involved library research to analyze the protection given by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the extent of its implementation into domestic legislation, in order to combat child trafficking in Malaysia. This study found that Malaysia’s existing laws are inadequate to protect child victims of trafficking in Malaysia and need to meet the current standards and protection for victims, which include the identification of identity, appointment of a guardian, providing interim care protection, durable solution, and access to justice.

scholarly journals To What Extent Do Laws throughout England and Wales Protect Women against Sex Trafficking?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Grace Fashanu ◽  
Leah Lauderdale ◽  
Caitlin McCauley ◽  
Amanda Puszcz ◽  
Anastasia Vakoula
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Sexual Performance ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
International Group ◽  
Modern Slavery

Despite somewhat extensive legislation that reduce the number of offences connected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation throughout England and Wales, all circumstances are not fully elaborated upon. Sex trafficking, according to the Shared Hope International Group, is when ‘someone uses force, fraud or compulsion to cause a profitable sex act with an adult which includes prostitution, pornography and sexual performance done in exchange for items of value, all including, money, drugs, shelter, food and clothes.’ Whilst undertaking this research report to consider the chosen topic, sex trafficking is closely allied to human trafficking and slavery, as they link together under the same legislation guidelines. We believe that it is best to address this matter in the opening of our report as sex trafficking has only recently converted into an issue within England and Wales as it was previously perceived solely as human trafficking and slavery. Human trafficking is the action of illegally transporting people from one country or area to another and this action is usually forced. Section 1 of the Modern Slavery Act then defines slavery to be ‘If a person requires another to perform forced or compulsory labour and the circumstances are such that the person knows or ought to know that the other person is being required to perform forced or compulsory labour’.

scholarly journals A TEXTUAL DISCOURSE OF MIGRATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN ABC DURUAKU’S A MIRAGE FOR A DREAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
Frank Amiriheobu ◽  
◽  
Victor Ordua ◽  
Ekperi Watts ◽  
Ojobah Christian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
General System ◽  
Child Soldiers ◽  
First Century ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Time Migration ◽  
The People ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Domestic Servitude

Until recent time, Migration, a veritable tool for industrial enhancement, economic development, political inclination, scientific and technological discoveries, and social obligations has ironic positions, whose another view, geared by exploitation from the mid-twentieth century to twenty-first century, somewhat affects the centuries before them. This is made possible through its inclusion of illicit transactions, such as labour and commercial sexual exploitation, human trafficking, forced labour, child soldiers, drug trafficking, domestic servitude, and the removal of organs or tissue for sale as portrayed in ABC Duruaku’s A Mirage for a Dream. This menace is meticulously alarming especially in the Nigerian state in the 21st century. This cankerworm, caused by corruption, poverty, weak governmental system and unemployment ultimately triggered malicious activities like prostitution, armed robbery, kidnapping, incessant killings, and rape, thus, increased pain, suffering, sickness and death among the people and ridicules the identity of the Nigerian nation, thereafter, threatens its existence as a sovereign states. Amongst the major findings is that human trafficking has created a lot of creative punches and dramatic representations by critics and dramatists over the years, yet the issue is heinously prevalent. The study therefore aims at interrogating the connection between migration and human trafficking in the Nigerian society, as portrayed in ABC Duruaku’s A Mirage for a Dream. To achieve this, General System Theory and Content Analytical Methodology are employed. The study, therefore, recommends the establishment of an agency to monitor all cases of migration and human trafficking in the Nigerian state.

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