scholarly journals Biomecânica aplicada ao polo aquático: revisão de parâmetros cinemáticos e cinéticos da pernada em eggbeater

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Antônio de Souza Castro ◽  
Luana Maciel Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Lift Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Water Polo ◽  
De Se ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
The Right ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics ◽  
Kinematics Parameters

Introdução: O eggbeater é uma técnica propulsiva fundamental para o polo aquático. Implica em força resultante propulsiva para cima, sendo utilizada no polo aquático para passes, marcação e chutes a gol.Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi apresentar e discutir  parâmetros biomecânicos (cinemáticos e cinéticos) relacionados à técnica de execução da pernada de eggbeater.Métodos: As palavras-chave utilizadas para procura dos estudos revisados neste artigo foram: eggbeater kick, water polo e technique, em inglês e português. Foram utilizadas as bases Scopus, Portal Periódico da CAPES e Google Acadêmico. Dezenove estudos foram selecionados para a revisão.Resultados e Discussão: O movimento é caracterizado por uma ação cíclica e alternada dos membros inferiores, ou seja, enquanto a perna esquerda move-se no sentido horário, a perna direita move-se no sentido anti-horário. Estudos demonstram que o movimento não deve ser focado na direção vertical, mas na horizontal (sentido ântero-posterior e médio-lateral) para gerar maior força de sustentação. Em relação à cinemetria, a análise tridimensional parece ser a melhor ferramenta. Já para análise cinética, existe a necessidade de desenvolver tecnologias adequadas à mensuração das forças propulsivas no meio aquático. Ainda, resultados indicam que testes específicos, ou seja, o movimento executado em ambiente aquático mais próximo da realidade de jogo, apresentaram-se mais adequados para avaliar aspectos cinéticos e cinemáticos do movimento em análise.Conclusão: A fim de se incrementar a força de sustentação, a técnica deve ser horizontalizada. Biomechanics Apllied to the Water Polo: Review of Kinetics And Kinematics Parameters of the Eggbeater KickIntroduction: The eggbeater kick is a elementary propulsive technique for the water polo.Objective: The aim of this study was to review the biomechanical parameters (kinematics and kinetics) related to the eggbeater kick, description and analysis.Methods: The keywords used to search for the studies reviewed were: eggbeater kick, water polo and technique, in English and Portuguese. Scopus, CAPES and Google Scholar bases were used.Results and Discussion: The movement is characterized by a cyclic and alternating action of the lower limbs, i.e., while the left leg moves clockwise, the right leg moves in the counterclockwise direction. The eggbeater kick technique promotes a propulsive resultant upward force and it’s used in water polo for passes, marking and shots on goal. Studies have shown that the movement should not be focused in the vertical direction, but horizontally (anteroposterior and mid-lateral) to generate more lift. Regarding to kinematics, the three-dimensional analysis seems to be the best tool. As for kinetic analysis, it is necessary to develop appropriate technologies to measure the propulsive forces in water. Therefore, results indicate that more specific tests, performed in the aquatic enviroment, next to the game’s reality, are more adeqate to asses kinetc and kinematic aspects of the analyzed movement.Conclusion: In order to increase the lift force, the technique should be horizontalized. Development of specific assessments should be encouraged.

MADYMO Simulations of Occupant and Vehicle Kinematics in Offset and Oblique Barrier Tests

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex T. Shea ◽  
Jiri Kral
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Oblique Impact ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Center Of Rotation ◽  
Frontal Impacts ◽  
Coordinate Origin ◽  
The Right

Oblique and offset impacts occur more frequently than full frontal impacts and the resulting occupant and vehicle kinematics are more complicated. Simulations of these test modes are more involved with added vehicle degrees of freedom. Additional occupant interactions with the vehicle interior need to be considered so that the occupant kinematics can be correlated more accurately. In order to capture the vehicle motion in an offset or oblique impact, a prescribed motion approach is preferred where the vehicle is given a three-dimensional motion with six degrees of freedom. With a planar motion assumption, the dominant angular motion about the vertical direction can be derived from linear accelerations measured at two locations where the vehicle deformation is a minimum. In a previous study the angular kinematics was given to a coordinate origin located on the vehicle centerline and longitudinally near the rear rocker. The instantaneous center of rotation was assumed to be fixed at this point during the event. This is referred to as Method I in this paper. A new approach, referred to as Method II, applied translational displacement to three bodies, which carried the passenger compartment through stiff spring elements. The displacements were integrated from measured accelerations, eliminating the uncertainty of a shifting center of rotation. Both methods assumed the vehicle frame between the front and rear rockers as a rigid body. The IP and steering column intrusions and floor deformations were neglected. The results from both methods were correlated to a pair of 40 kph 30 degree angle impact tests and an IIHS ODB test. Method II showed a slightly better timing correlation for the angle tests and the IIHS ODB test. However, both methods didn’t predict the lateral head contact for the driver in the left angle test and the passenger in the right angle test. More interior details have to be included in the model to capture the lateral motion of the occupants. The prescribed motion method is a more general approach than the commonly used inverse kinematics method, and can be applied to full frontal impact as well. The versatility of the method provides a basis for a modular approach in occupant simulations.

scholarly journals Stride-to-Stride Variability of the Center of Mass in Male Trained Runners After an Exhaustive Run: A Three Dimensional Movement Variability Analysis With a Subject-Specific Anthropometric Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Möhler ◽  
Bernd Stetter ◽  
Hermann Müller ◽  
Thorsten Stein
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Uncontrolled Manifold ◽  
Position Vector ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Relevant Variable ◽  
The Right ◽  
Trained Runners

The motion of the human body can be described by the motion of its center of mass (CoM). Since the trajectory of the CoM is a crucial variable during running, one can assume that trained runners would try to keep their CoM trajectory constant from stride to stride. However, when exposed to fatigue, runners might have to adapt certain biomechanical parameters. The Uncontrolled Manifold approach (UCM) and the Tolerance, Noise, and Covariation (TNC) approach are used to analyze changes in movement variability while considering the overall task of keeping a certain task relevant variable constant. The purpose of this study was to investigate if and how runners adjust their CoM trajectory during a run to fatigue at a constant speed on a treadmill and how fatigue affects the variability of the CoM trajectory. Additionally, the results obtained with the TNC approach were compared to the results obtained with the UCM analysis in an earlier study on the same dataset. Therefore, two TNC analyses were conducted to assess effects of fatigue on the CoM trajectory from two viewpoints: one analyzing the CoM with respect to a lab coordinate system (PVlab) and another one analyzing the CoM with respect to the right foot (PVfoot). Full body kinematics of 13 healthy young athletes were captured in a rested and in a fatigued state and an anthropometric model was used to calculate the CoM based on the joint angles. Variability was quantified by the coefficient of variation of the length of the position vector of the CoM and by the components Tolerance, Noise, and Covariation which were analyzed both in 3D and the projections in the vertical, anterior-posterior and medio-lateral coordinate axes. Concerning PVlab we found that runners increased their stride-to-stride variability in medio-lateral direction (1%). Concerning PVfoot we found that runners lowered their CoM (4 mm) and increased their stride-to-stride variability in the absorption phase in both 3D and in the vertical direction. Although we identified statistically relevant differences between the two running states, we have to point out that the effects were small (CV ≤ 1%) and must be interpreted cautiously.

A Model of Kinematic Variables Determining Height Achieved in Water Polo Boosts

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Water Polo ◽  
Foot Motion ◽  
Speed Range ◽  
Drag And Lift

A boost is a skill used in water polo to raise the body for the purpose of shooting for goal or passing, or defending against these. The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic variables contributing to height achieved in a boost. The kinematics of the vertex, shoulders, and lower limbs of 16 players ranging in ability from novice to elite were quantified using three-dimensional videographic techniques. Maximum height of the vertex with respect to water level ranged from 0.50 m to 0.90 m. A multiple regression model comprising the squared maximum resultant foot speed, range of knee joint extension, and initial trunk angle with respect to the horizontal accounted for 74% of the variance in height achieved. Anteroposterior and medio-lateral motions assisted in maintaining foot speed throughout the period of knee extension. The foot orientations and direction of foot motion of the elite players suggested that effective technique involves the use of both drag and lift forces.

Facial Left-Right Dominance in Cleft Lip and Palate: Three-Dimension Evaluation

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Ras ◽  
Luc L.M.H. Habets ◽  
Floris C. Van Ginkel ◽  
Birte Prahl-Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
Craniofacial Anomalies ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The Right

Studies on facial left-right dominance in individuals without craniofacial anomalies have demonstrated controversial results. This is probably due to the frequent use of two-dimensional methods, yet left-right dominance consists of transverse, vertical, and sagittal components. The aim of the present study was to describe three-dimensionally facial left-right dominance in individuals with an operated complete unilateral cleft lip and palate on the left side (LUCLP), on the right side (RUCLP), and in individuals without craniofacial anomalies (controls). Using stereophotogrammetry, three-dimensional coordinates for 16 bilateral and 10 midsagittal facial landmarks were determined for the LUCLP group (N=32), the RUCLP group (N=17), and the control group (N=80). Left-right dominance was measured in three directions. Individuals without craniofacial anomalies showed a facial left sided dominance in the transverse direction, a facial right sided dominance in the sagittal direction, and no particular dominated side in the vertical direction. Individuals with a unilateral cleft lip and palate demonstrated a facial dominance of the nonaffected side in the vertical direction as well as in the sagittal direction, with no particular side dominant in the transverse direction. Generally, there was more variation in left-right dominance within the face in the vertical and sagittal directions.

Both Upper and Lower Limb Movements Contribute to Aesthetics of the Piqué Arabesque in Ballet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yui Kawano ◽  
Lin Cheng-Feng ◽  
Mayumi Kuno-Mizumura
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
Support Leg

This study aimed to identify the factor structures—which are the predominant frameworks for describing the basic dimensions of a concept—that contribute to the aesthetics of body position in ballet. This study was composed of three-dimensional movement analysis and subjective evaluation. Fourteen ballet dancers participated in the three-dimensional movement analysis. Thirty-six reflective markers were attached to the dancers’ bodies, after which the dancers performed a piqué arabesque, a position in which the weight transfers from one leg to the other. This movement was captured using eight optical cameras and one video camera. Biomechanical parameters, such as the joint angle and velocity of each body part, were calculated from the coordinates of the markers. Twenty-eight videos recorded in the three-dimensional movement analysis were viewed by 51 observers with ballet experience. The observers subjectively evaluated the videos through four category pairs—“beautiful-ugly,” “like-dislike,” “interesting-not interesting,” and “good-bad”—on a five-point semantic differential scale. Two groups, the top and bottom 30%, were extracted based on the “beautiful-ugly” rating and compared using an independent t-test. In addition, exploratory factor analysis was performed on the biomechanical parameters that showed significant differences. Five factors were identified: “stability of the right distal upper limb and upper body,” “torso displacement speed,” “stability of the left distal upper limb and line of the support leg,” “height of the gesture leg,” and “stability of the support leg around the hip joint and line of the limbs on the gesture leg side.” These results indicate that the movements of both upper and lower limbs contributed to the aesthetics of the ballet position of piqué arabesque. These findings will be useful for ballet teachers and dancers to understand the intrinsic aesthetics of movements.

scholarly journals Jurisdição constitucional e a renovação dogmática do direito à informação no Estado Democrático de Direito | Constitutional jurisdiction and the dogmatic renewal of the right to information in the Democratic State of Law

KPGT_dlutz_1 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-98
Author(s):  
Thiago Sacchetto
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
De Se ◽  
Right To Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
Normative Content

Jurisdição constitucional e a renovação dogmática do direito à informação no Estado Democrático de Direito Resumo: O hodierno conteúdo normativo do direito à informação, delineado em princípios e regras de direito internacional, abrange não somente o direito fundamental de informar, mas também, os direitos de se informar e ser informado. Os Estados, para tutelarem otimizadamente as liberdades tridimensionais da comunicação dos seus cidadãos jurisdicionados, devem concretizar o princípio da transparência sobre as informações produzidas por seus órgãos de jurisdição. A publicização nos meios de comunicação em massa das sessões de fiscalização de constitucionalidade de atos normativos realizadas pelas cortes constitucionais, inexoravelmente, contribui para aproximar a estrutura dos órgãos de cúpula da jurisdição dos ideários democrático-republicanos sobre os quais se fundamentam o Estado Democrático de Direito. Palavras-chave: Jurisdição constitucional; Direito à informação; Cortes constitucionais; Transparência; Sociedade da Informação. ______ Constitutional jurisdiction and the dogmatic renewal of the right to information in the Democratic State of Law Abstract: The current normative content of the right to information, outlined in principles and rules of international law, encompasses not only the fundamental right to inform, but also the right to look for information and be informed. The States, to optimally protect the three-dimensional freedom of communication of their jurisdictional citizens, must give effect to the principle of transparency regarding the information produced by their jurisdiction bodies. The publicity in the mass media of the judicial review acts carried out by the constitutional courts, inexorably, contributes to approximate the structure of these top bodies of jurisdiction to the republican-democratic ideas on which the Democratic State of Right is based. Keywords: Constitutional Jurisdiction; Right to information; Constitutional Courts; Transparency; Information Society.

About the Development of Brick-Design in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 787 (12) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Y.A. Bozhko ◽  
◽  
K.A. Lapunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Design Development ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Unique Material ◽  
Decisive Action ◽  
Color Combinations ◽  
Insufficient Number

The article reflects the authors view on the technical and aesthetic side of the use of face bricks in the architecture of our country. The term brick design combines such indicators of brickwork as the color, size and surface of the brick itself, as well as the type of masonry and seam parameters. Unfortunately, the analysis of the current situation shows that the culture of consumption of face bricks in Russia remains at a low level, which is due to the lack of proper knowledge and insufficient number of qualified master masons. The main goal of brick design development is to popularize various types of three-dimensional masonry and reveal the potential of using bricks as a basic unit. The comparison shows the architecture of European cities, which does not differ in the complexity of architectural forms, but has advantages in the form of unusual masonry, color combinations, vertical direction of masonry and other elements of technical aesthetics. The use of bricks in various levels of brick design will allow you to avoid using architectural decoration on the facades of buildings, while preserving its authenticity and individuality. The brick, as a basic unit, is self-sufficient and is able to fulfill not only its functional role, but also its aesthetic one. In this situation, a necessary and decisive action will be competent communication with industry specialists, architects and designers, leading manufacturers and technologists who realize that we have a unique material that does not need additional wrapping when used efficiently.

scholarly journals Right-sided Bochdalek hernia in an adult with hepatic malformation and intestinal malrotation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Enomoto ◽  
Kazuhiko Yamada ◽  
Daiki Kato ◽  
Shusuke Yagi ◽  
Hitomi Wake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
3D Simulation ◽  
Diaphragmatic Defect ◽  
Intestinal Malrotation ◽  
Intestinal Loop ◽  
Bochdalek Hernia ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Bochdalek hernia is a common congenital diaphragmatic defect that usually manifests with cardiopulmonary insufficiency in neonates. It is very rare in adults, and symptomatic cases are mostly left-sided. Diaphragmatic defects generally warrant immediate surgical intervention to reduce the risk of incarceration or strangulation of the displaced viscera. Case presentation A 47-year-old woman presented with dyspnea on exertion. Computed tomography revealed that a large part of the intestinal loop with superior mesenteric vessels and the right kidney were displaced into the right thoracic cavity. Preoperative three-dimensional (3D) simulation software visualized detailed anatomy of displaced viscera and the precise location and size of the diaphragmatic defect. She underwent elective surgery after concomitant pulmonary hypertension was stabilized preoperatively. The laparotomic approach was adopted. Malformation of the liver and the presence of intestinal malrotation were confirmed during the operation. The distal part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and right kidney were reduced into the abdominal cavity consecutively. A large-sized oval defect was closed with monofilament polypropylene mesh. No complications occurred postoperatively. Conclusion Symptomatic right-sided Bochdalek hernia in adults is exceedingly rare and is frequently accompanied by various visceral anomalies. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate surgical repair are crucial to prevent possible incarceration or strangulation. The preoperative 3D simulation provided comprehensive information on anatomy and concomitant anomalies and helped surgeons plan the operation meticulously and perform procedures safely.

scholarly journals Sirenomelia: two case reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiyeh Shojaee ◽  
Firooze Ronnasian ◽  
Mahdiyeh Behnam ◽  
Mansoor Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Congenital Deformity ◽  
White Family ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Caudal Regression ◽  
History Of

AbstractBackgroundSirenomelia, also called mermaid syndrome, is a rare lethal multi-system congenital deformity with an incidence of one in 60,000–70,000 pregnancies. Sirenomelia is mainly characterized by the fusion of lower limbs and is widely associated with severe urogenital and gastrointestinal malformations. The presence of a single umbilical artery derived from the vitelline artery is the main anatomical feature distinguishing sirenomelia from caudal regression syndrome. First-trimester diagnosis of this disorder and induced abortion may be the safest medical option. In this report, two cases of sirenomelia that occurred in an white family will be discussed.Case presentationWe report two white cases of sirenomelia occurring in a 31-year-old multigravid pregnant woman. In the first pregnancy (18 weeks of gestation) abortion was performed, but in the third pregnancy (32 weeks) the stillborn baby was delivered by spontaneous vaginal birth. In the second and fourth pregnancies, however, she gave birth to normal babies. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging showed fusion of the lower limbs. Neither she nor any member of her family had a history of diabetes. In terms of other risk factors, she had no history of exposure to teratogenic agents during her pregnancy. Also, her marriage was non-consanguineous.ConclusionThis report suggests the existence of a genetic background in this mother with a Mendelian inheritance pattern of 50% second-generation incidence in her offspring.

scholarly journals Alteration within the Hippocampal Volume in Patients with LHON Disease—7 Tesla MRI Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Cezary Grochowski ◽  
Kamil Jonak ◽  
Marcin Maciejewski ◽  
Andrzej Stępniewski ◽  
Mansur Rahnama-Hezavah
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Right

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the volumetry of the hippocampus in the Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) of blind patients. Methods: A total of 25 patients with LHON were randomly included into the study from the national health database. A total of 15 patients were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The submillimeter segmentation of the hippocampus was based on three-dimensional spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in steady state (3D-SPGR) BRAVO 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that compared to healthy controls (HC), LHON subjects had multiple significant differences only in the right hippocampus, including a significantly higher volume of hippocampal tail (p = 0.009), subiculum body (p = 0.018), CA1 body (p = 0.002), hippocampal fissure (p = 0.046), molecular layer hippocampus (HP) body (p = 0.014), CA3 body (p = 0.006), Granule Cell (GC) and Molecular Layer (ML) of the Dentate Gyrus (DG)–GC ML DG body (p = 0.003), CA4 body (p = 0.001), whole hippocampal body (p = 0.018), and the whole hippocampus volume (p = 0.023). Discussion: The ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging allowed hippocampus quality visualization and analysis, serving as a powerful in vivo diagnostic tool in the diagnostic process and LHON disease course assessment. The study confirmed previous reports regarding volumetry of hippocampus in blind individuals.

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