scholarly journals Physical, chemical, and toxicological characterization of fibrillated forms of cellulose using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and co-culture model

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar H Pradhan ◽  
Marina R Mulenos ◽  
London R Steele ◽  
Matthew Gibb ◽  
James D Ede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Simulated Digestion ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract Fibrillated cellulose is a next-generation material in development for a variety of applications, including use in food and food-contact materials. An alternative testing strategy including simulated digestion was developed to compare the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of seven different types of fibrillated cellulose, following European Food Safety Authority guidance. Fibrillated forms were compared to a conventional form of cellulose which has been used in food for over 85 years and has Generally Recognized as safe regulatory status in the USA. The physical and chemical characterization of fibrillated celluloses demonstrate that these materials are similar physically and chemically, which composed of the same fundamental molecular structure and exhibit similar morphology, size, size distribution, surface charge, and low levels of impurities. Simulated gastrointestinal and lysosomal digestions demonstrate that these physical and chemical similarities remain following exposure to conditions that mimic the gastrointestinal tract or intracellular lysosomes. A toxicological investigation with an advanced intestinal co-culture model found that exposure to each of the fibrillated and conventional forms of cellulose, in either the pristine or digested form at 0.4% by weight, showed no adverse toxicological effects including cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, oxidative stress, or inflammation. The results demonstrate the physical, chemical, and biological similarities of these materials and provide substantive evidence to support their grouping and ability to read-across data as part of a food safety demonstration.

Microvolume Analysis of Fly Ash by Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence (SRXRF) and Electron Microprobe X-ray Microanalysis (EPXMA)

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 673-678
Author(s):  
Sz. Török ◽  
Sz. Sándor ◽  
H. Rausch
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Toxic Trace Elements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The assessment of the potential environmental and toxicological effects of particulate material emitted to the atmosphere requires detailed physical and chemical characterization of the particles. One of the most widely studied types of pollutant particles is coal fly ash as a byproduct of coal combustion. These particles are inhomogeneous, highly variable, span a broad range of sizes and have diverse morphologies.It has been shown that numerous toxic trace elements tend to increase in bulk concentrations with decreasing particle size (1).

scholarly journals PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HONEY BEES OF SOME MUNICIPALITIES OF STATE RORAIMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (29) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
L. R. FARIAS ◽  
T. M. F. F. MENDES ◽  
F. S. PANERO ◽  
J. L. SATELLES
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
The State ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
New Information ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The objective of this study was to characterize, through the physical-chemical parameters: pH, density, refractive index, moisture, total acidity, electrical conductivity, Lund test and ash, 20 honey bee samples from some municipalities in the State of Roraima : Cantá, Caroebe, São Luís do Anauá, Pacaraima and Vila Moderna. The results showed that 45% of the total samples studied presented values of moisture and acidity above the limits established by the standards. It is known that these parameters are related to the degree of maturity, processing, conditions of storage, adulteration and freshness of these honeys. As for the 55% of the remaining samples, these presented results within the limits established by the Brazilian standards, however, it is necessary to determine the other parameters required by the legislation to infer about the quality of the honeys produced and marketed in Roraima. In general, the results obtained present new information on the parameters that define the honey quality of bees in the State of Roraima.

scholarly journals Physical, chemical, and toxicological characterization of sulfated cellulose nanocrystals for food-related applications using in vivo and in vitro strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-822
Author(s):  
James D Ede ◽  
Kimberly J Ong ◽  
Marina R Mulenos ◽  
Sahar Pradhan ◽  
Matthew Gibb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Simulated Digestion ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Biological Studies

Abstract Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a next-generation cellulose product with many unique properties including applications in the food industry as a food additive, food coating, and in food-contact packaging material. While CNC is anticipated to be safe due to its similarity to the many forms of cellulose currently used as food additives, special consideration is given to it as it is the first manufactured form of cellulose that is nanoscale in both length and width. A proactive approach to safety has been adopted by manufacturers to demonstrate CNC safety toward responsible commercialization. As part of the safety demonstration, in vivo and in vitro testing strategies were commissioned side-by-side with conventional cellulose, which has been safely used in food for decades. Testing included a 90-day rodent feeding study as well as additional physical, chemical, and biological studies in vitro that follow European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance to demonstrate the safe use of novel food ingredients. The strategy includes assessment of neat materials side-by-side with simulated digestion, mimicking conditions that occur along the gastrointestinal tract as well as intracellularly. An intestinal co-culture model examined any potential toxicological effects from exposure to either pristine or digested forms of CNC including cytotoxicity, metabolic activity, membrane permeability, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory responses. None of the studies demonstrated any toxicity via oral or simulated oral exposure. These studies demonstrate that CNC produced by InnoTech Alberta is similarly safe by ingestion as conventional cellulose with a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 2085.3 (males) and 2682.8 (females) mg/kg/day.

scholarly journals Geotechnical and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Low Lime Fly Ashes

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Ali Baig Moghal
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In order to explore the possibility of using low-lime fly ashes, the physical and chemical properties which have a direct bearing on their geotechnical and geoenvironmental behaviors have been investigated. In this paper, two types of low-lime fly ashes, originating from India, have been used. A brief account of various methods adopted in characterizing their physical, chemical, and geotechnical properties is presented. The relative importance of each of these properties in enhancing the bulk applicability of fly ashes has been brought out.

scholarly journals Physical, chemical, sensory and mineral characterization of salty muffins enriched with Tetragonia tetragonoides

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thales Henrique Barreto Ferreira ◽  
Angélica Pimenta de Lima dos Reis ◽  
Leticia da Silva Souza ◽  
Hygor de Oliveira Rodrigues ◽  
Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Sensory Acceptance ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characterization ◽  
Total Reducing Sugars ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Spinach Leaves

Abstract The preparation of bakery products is expanding, mainly due to the possibility of adding other ingredients, in order to enrich them nutritionally. Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) is a vegetable widely used, although its stem that has great potential for use, is still considered a waste and discarded. Based on the aforementioned information, this work aims to elaborate and characterize physical, chemical, sensory and minerals of salty muffins enriched with T. tetragonoides. Four formulations of salty muffins were prepared as following: Standard Formulation (F1); Formulation with addition of spinach leaves (F2); Formulation with addition of spinach stems (F3); Formulation with addition of spinach leaves and stems (F4). The physical and chemical characterization of the leaves and stems of T. tetragonoides was done by quantifying the moisture, residue mineral fixed, proteins, color and minerals. Muffins were characterized by analyzing moisture, fixed mineral residue, protein, total reducing sugars and instrumental analysis of color and texture; sensory and minerals. The muffins showed a predominant green color, due to the addition of spinach. However, stems, leaves and muffins have a high content of minerals, especially calcium and iron. The incorporation of vegetables in the formulations provided an increase in protein content, in addition to expressive sensory acceptance. Feasibility is observed in the production of savory muffins with the addition of leaves and stems, thus using the entire vegetable and avoiding food waste.

scholarly journals A Step-by-Step Approach to Improve Clinical Translation of Liposome-Based Nanomaterials, a Focus on Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Giacomo Della Camera ◽  
Dorelia Lipsa ◽  
Dora Mehn ◽  
Paola Italiani ◽  
Diana Boraschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Method Development ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Human Blood Cells ◽  
Realistic Assessment ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Fundamental Requirement

This study aims to provide guidelines to design and perform a robust and reliable physical-chemical characterization of liposome-based nanomaterials, and to support method development with a specific focus on their inflammation-inducing potential. Out of eight differently functionalized liposomes selected as “case-studies”, three passed the physical-chemical characterization (in terms of size-distribution, homogeneity and stability) and the screening for bacterial contamination (sterility and apyrogenicity). Although all three were non-cytotoxic when tested in vitro, they showed a different capacity to activate human blood cells. HSPC/CHOL-coated liposomes elicited the production of several inflammation-related cytokines, while DPPC/CHOL- or DSPC/CHOL-functionalized liposomes did not. This work underlines the need for accurate characterization at multiple levels and the use of reliable in vitro methods, in order to obtain a realistic assessment of liposome-induced human inflammatory response, as a fundamental requirement of nanosafety regulations.

scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Characterization of an Oyster Hemagglutinin

1969 ◽  
Vol 244 (15) ◽  
pp. 4128-4135
Author(s):  
R T Acton ◽  
J C Bennett ◽  
E E Evans ◽  
R E Schrohenloher
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characterization ◽  
Physical And Chemical

scholarly journals Editorial for Special Issue “Historical Mineral Pigments”

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Carolina Cardell ◽  
Jose Santiago Pozo-Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Glass Enamel ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

The physical–chemical characterization of natural and synthetic historical inorganic and mineral pigments, which may be found embedded in paintings (real or mock-ups), glass, enamel, ceramics, beads, tesserae, etc., as well as their alteration under different decay scenarios, is a demanding line of investigation. This field of research is now both well established and dynamic, as revealed by the numerous publications in high-quality journals of varied scientific disciplines. [...]

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