Oil spills and ecological risks evaluation

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
H.G. Ismailova ◽  
◽  
Z.I. Farzalizade ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Economic Risks

The paper reviews and presents the data and classification of the emergency oil spills during its production and transportation. Eco-economic risks depending on the oil spill degree were calculated. Though in some cases these risks are insignificant, in the large-scale oil spills the consequences may be quite serious.

ECOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF THE COASTS OF THE KARA SEA TO THE OIL SPILL

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Ermolov ◽  
Alexander Ermolov
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
International System ◽  
Kara Sea ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
International Systems

International experience of oil spill response in the sea defines the priority of coastal protection and the need to identify as most valuable in ecological terms and the most vulnerable areas. Methodological approaches to the assessing the vulnerability of Arctic coasts to oil spills based on international systems of Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) and geomorphological zoning are considered in the article. The comprehensive environmental and geomorphological approach allowed us to form the morphodynamic basis for the classification of seacoasts and try to adapt the international system of indexes to the shores of the Kara Sea taking into account the specific natural conditions. This work has improved the expert assessments of the vulnerability and resilience of the seacoasts.

scholarly journals OILSPILL AND LOOK-ALIKE SPOTS FROM SAR IMAGERY USING OTSU METHOD AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. Sornam
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Dark Spot ◽  
Oil Spill Detection ◽  
Otsu Method ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Propagation Network

Oil spill pollution plays a significant role in damaging marine ecosystem. Discharge of oil due to tanker accidents has the most dangerous effects on marine environment. The main waste source is the ship based operational discharges. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can be effectively used for the detection and classification of oil spills. Oil spills appear as dark spots in SAR images. One major advantage of SAR is that it can generate imagery under all weather conditions. However, similar dark spots may arise from a range of unrelated meteorological and oceanographic phenomena, resulting in misidentification. A major focus of research in this area is the development of algorithms to distinguish ‘oil spills’ from ‘look-alikes’. The features of detected dark spot are then extracted and classified to discriminate oil spills from look-alikes. This paper describes the development of a new approach to SAR oil spill detection using Segmentation method and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). A SAR-based oil-spill detection process consists of three stages: image segmentation, feature extraction and object recognition (classification) of the segmented objects as oil spills or look-alikes. The image segmentation was performed with Otsu method. Classification has been done using Back Propagation Network and this network classifies objects into oil spills or look-alikes according to their feature parameters. Improved results have been achieved for the discrimination of oil spills and look-alikes.

scholarly journals Optimization on Emergency Materials Dispatching Considering the Characteristics of Integrated Emergency Response for Large-Scale Marine Oil Spills

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Li ◽  
Manel Grifoll ◽  
Miquel Estrada ◽  
Pengjun Zheng ◽  
Hongxiang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
Distribution Point ◽  
Dispatching Algorithm ◽  
Marine Oil Spills ◽  
The Difference

Many governments have been strengthening the construction of hardware facilities and equipment to prevent and control marine oil spills. However, in order to deal with large-scale marine oil spills more efficiently, emergency materials dispatching algorithm still needs further optimization. The present study presents a methodology for emergency materials dispatching optimization based on four steps, combined with the construction of Chinese oil spill response capacity. First, the present emergency response procedure for large-scale marine oil spills should be analyzed. Second, in accordance with different grade accidents, the demands of all kinds of emergency materials are replaced by an equivalent volume that can unify the units. Third, constraint conditions of the emergency materials dispatching optimization model should be presented, and the objective function of the model should be postulated with the purpose of minimizing the largest sailing time of all oil spill emergency disposal vessels, and the difference in sailing time among vessels that belong to the same emergency materials collection and distribution point. Finally, the present study applies a toolbox and optimization solver to optimize the emergency materials dispatching problem. A calculation example is presented, highlighting the sensibility of the results at different grades of oil spills. The present research would be helpful for emergency managers in tackling an efficient materials dispatching scheme, while considering the integrated emergency response procedure.

ECOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF THE COASTS OF THE KARA SEA TO THE OIL SPILL

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Ermolov ◽  
Alexander Ermolov
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
International System ◽  
Kara Sea ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
International Systems

International experience of oil spill response in the sea defines the priority of coastal protection and the need to identify as most valuable in ecological terms and the most vulnerable areas. Methodological approaches to the assessing the vulnerability of Arctic coasts to oil spills based on international systems of Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) and geomorphological zoning are considered in the article. The comprehensive environmental and geomorphological approach allowed us to form the morphodynamic basis for the classification of seacoasts and try to adapt the international system of indexes to the shores of the Kara Sea taking into account the specific natural conditions. This work has improved the expert assessments of the vulnerability and resilience of the seacoasts.

Large-scale oil spills and flag-use within the global tanker fleet

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANA D. MILLER ◽  
KATHRYN TOOLEY ◽  
U. RASHID SUMAILA
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Patterns Of Failure ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
Oil Tanker

SUMMARYWithin the global oil shipping sector, flag states that inadequately fulfil obligations to effectively exert jurisdiction over vessels flying their flags have been criticized for facilitating the existence of substandard ships. This paper examines the topic of flag-use and its potential association with oil spill risk. Flags most associated with accidental oil spills were identified through comparing the flag composition of the global oil tanker fleet with that of vessels that have been involved in the 100 largest tanker spills on record. Vessels flying flags of states that have exhibited consistent patterns of failure in compliance with international obligations, defined here as ‘flags of non-compliance’ (FoNCs), were found to be significantly more common amongst the vessels that have been involved in spill incidents. However, this was dependent on how the Liberian flag was qualified throughout the time period considered. If measures are being sought to reduce the risk of tanker involvement in large-scale oil spills further, vessel owners should be deterred from registering with FoNCs that are highly accessible to foreign owners, and political measures should be taken to put pressure on flag states that operate all other FoNCs to improve effective jurisdiction over ships flying these flags.

OIL SPILL RESPONSES - THE POLITICAL DIMENSION

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 587-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Yew Weng
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Red Tape ◽  
Oil Spill Response

ABSTRACT There are always lessons to be learnt from every oil spill response. Similarly, critics are always quick to point out how a response was too slow, the inadequacy of equipment / manpower resources and, inevitably, how the response lacks proper coordination. Yet many of these common criticisms can be resolved if artificial ‘roadblocks and red tape’ are removed so that Responders can go about doing their jobs, providing prompt responses in mitigating damages caused by oil spills. This paper will discuss the challenges of mounting an international oil spill response in the Asia Pacific with specific references to political roadblocks and red tape put up by ‘recipient’ countries. Tier 3 Oil Spill Response organizations, namely Oil Spill Response and East Asia Response Limited (OSRL/EARL), regularly practices activations and resource deployments through exercises with different scenarios. These exercises can take the form of tabletop exercises or full scale deployment of equipment, recall of Members’ regional and worldwide teams. The larger scale exercises involve trans-boundary movement of people and equipment, including boats and aircrafts. OSRL/EARL has conducted large scale exercises successfully. Unfortunately, there are also times when red tape prevented the company from responding in the swift and efficient manner that it endeavors. Various reasons given are ‘national security’ and the need for very ‘high level approvals’ as the recipient country will be deemed to be calling outside assistance for a national incident. The paper will discuss some of OSRL/EARL'S experiences like:Response organizations refusing to participate in exercises due to ‘national security’ reasonsNational agencies refusing import of equipment due to taxation lawsProtracted approval processes, and sometimes outright refusal, for materials like dispersantRefusing entry of international aircraftsClearance and complicated permit requirements for Responders entering a country to assist in the response The challenge to remove these road blocks is an uphill task. OSRL/EARL has an on-going Advocacy program to engage and cooperate on these issues with Government Agencies and relevant bodies. The Author believes that the removal of ‘road blocks’ will expedite responses to oil spills.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Detection and Categorization of Oil Spills from SAR Images with Deep Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Maria Bianchi ◽  
Martine M. Espeseth ◽  
Njål Borch
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Oil Spill Detection ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
Scale Detection

We propose a deep-learning framework to detect and categorize oil spills in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images at a large scale. Through a carefully designed neural network model for image segmentation trained on an extensive dataset, we obtain state-of-the-art performance in oil spill detection, achieving results that are comparable to results produced by human operators. We also introduce a classification task, which is novel in the context of oil spill detection in SAR. Specifically, after being detected, each oil spill is also classified according to different categories of its shape and texture characteristics. The classification results provide valuable insights for improving the design of services for oil spill monitoring by world-leading providers. Finally, we present our operational pipeline and a visualization tool for large-scale data, which allows detection and analysis of the historical occurrence of oil spills worldwide.

Industry and Government Roles in Addressing Historic Properties in Oil Spill Response: Lessons Learned From A Recent Exercise and Incidents

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 693-697
Author(s):  
Tina M. Toriello ◽  
Jan Thorman ◽  
Pamela Bergmann ◽  
Richard Waldbauer
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
National Response ◽  
Response Team ◽  
Oil Spill Response

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on industry and government roles for addressing historic properties during oil spill response. In 1997, the National Response Team (NRT) developed a Programmatic Agreement on Protection of Historic Properties during Emergency Response under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (PA) (National Response Team, 1997). At the 1999 International Oil Spill Conference (IOSC), U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) representatives discussed the development and implementation of the PA, which is intended to ensure that historic properties are appropriately taken into account during the planning for and conducting of emergency response to oil spills and hazardous substance releases. Following the 1999 IOSC, DOI and Chevron representatives began a dialog regarding industry and government roles under the PA. Chevron invited the DOI representatives to participate in an October 1999 large-scale, industry-led spill exercise; a precedent-setting drill that included historic properties protection as a key objective. This 2001 paper focuses on how industry and government have worked together to protect historic properties, government roles in PA implementation, and lessons learned. As an example of what industry can do to support the protection of historic properties during planning and response activities, this paper describes Chevron's Historic Properties Program, a program managed under its emergency spill response environmental functional team (EFT). A discussion of lessons learned focuses on the need for clear definition of industry and government roles, and the benefits of building a foundation of cooperation between industry and government to protect historic properties. Of particular importance is the inclusion of historic properties in all aspects of oil spill preparedness and response, including planning, drills, training, and response organization structure and staffing. Experience from incident response in Alaska has shown that the PA assists Federal On-Scene Coordinators (FOSCs) and responsible parties, while also protecting historic properties, when the FOSC is prepared to implement the PA promptly and effectively.

scholarly journals Oil Spill Monitoring of Shipborne Radar Image Features Using SVM and Local Adaptive Threshold

Algorithms ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Xu ◽  
Haixia Wang ◽  
Can Cui ◽  
Baigang Zhao ◽  
Bo Li
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Adaptive Threshold ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Radar Image ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Effective Wave ◽  
Local Adaptive Threshold

In the case of marine accidents, monitoring marine oil spills can provide an important basis for identifying liabilities and assessing the damage. Shipborne radar can ensure large-scale, real-time monitoring, in all weather, with high-resolution. It therefore has the potential for broad applications in oil spill monitoring. Considering the original gray-scale image from the shipborne radar acquired in the case of the Dalian 7.16 oil spill accident, a complete oil spill detection method is proposed. Firstly, the co-frequency interferences and speckles in the original image are eliminated by preprocessing. Secondly, the wave information is classified using a support vector machine (SVM), and the effective wave monitoring area is generated according to the gray distribution matrix. Finally, oil spills are detected by a local adaptive threshold and displayed on an electronic chart based on geographic information system (GIS). The results show that the SVM can extract the effective wave information from the original shipborne radar image, and the local adaptive threshold method has strong applicability for oil film segmentation. This method can provide a technical basis for real-time cleaning and liability determination in oil spill accidents.

scholarly journals Recent Developments and Advancements in Graphene-Based Technologies for Oil Spill Cleanup and Oil–Water Separation Processes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Salma Elhenawy ◽  
Majeda Khraisheh ◽  
Fares AlMomani ◽  
Mohammad K. Hassan ◽  
Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oil Water Separation ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Oil Spill Cleanup

The vast demand for petroleum industry products led to the increased production of oily wastewaters and has led to many possible separation technologies. In addition to production-related oily wastewater, direct oil spills are associated with detrimental effects on the local ecosystems. Accordingly, this review paper aims to tackle the oil spill cleanup issue as well as water separation by providing a wide range of graphene-based technologies. These include graphene-based membranes; graphene sponges; graphene-decorated meshes; graphene hydrogels; graphene aerogels; graphene foam; and graphene-coated cotton. Sponges and aerogels modified by graphene and reduced graphene oxide demonstrated effective oil water separation owing to their superhydrophobic/superoleophilic properties. In addition, oil particles are intercepted while allowing water molecules to penetrate the graphene-oxide-coated metal meshes and membranes thanks to their superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic properties. Finally, we offer future perspectives on oil water separation that are hindering the advancements of such technologies and their large-scale applications.

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