CRIMINAL EXECUTIVE LAW IS A COMPLEX BRANCH OF RUSSIAN LAW

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Павел Сергеевич Солоницын
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Material Component ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Combination Of Material

В статье предпринята попытка обоснования комплексной природы уголовно-исполнительного права. Критикуется господствующая в научной и учебной литературе точка зрения на самостоятельный и оригинальный характер данной отрасли. Показывается, что отрасль уголовно-исполнительного права имеет прямую генетическую связь с уголовным правом. Отмечается, что уголовно-правовое отношение носит длящийся характер. Исполнение наказания представляет собой сочетание материальных и процедурных отношений. При этом материальная их составляющая - это и есть реализация норм уголовного права, определяющих виды и содержание наказаний. Немаловажное значение имеют общие нормы о целях наказания, предопределяющие фактор положительного поведения осужденного в контексте его исправления. В статье опровергаются имеющиеся точки зрения ученых, критикующих отнесение уголовно-исполнительного права к комплексным отраслям. В качестве базовой модели комплексной отрасли права в правовой теории берется обоснованная концепция комплексных отраслей, предложенная на рубеже 1980-90-х гг. известным теоретиком права В. Н. Протасовым. В противоположность основным отраслям комплексная отрасль «собирается» для решения строго определенных, общественно значимых задач, что связано с возрастанием в праве системного начала. Таким образом, комплексная отрасль права - это целостная правовая система, искусственно сконструированная для решения значимых общественных задач посредством объединения нормативного материала различной отраслевой принадлежности. Уголовно-исполнительное право вполне отвечает этим критериям. Называются основные нормативные компоненты данной отрасли, к которым относятся нормы, имеющие уголовно-правовую, административно-правовую, конституционно-правовую природу. В совокупности они регулируют отношения, возникающие при исполнении уголовного наказания, оказывая на них эффективное комплексное воздействие. The article considers the complex nature of criminal Executive Law. The author criticizes the prevailing point of view in scientific and educational literature on the independent and original nature of this industry. It is shown that the branch of criminal Executive Law has a direct, genetic connection with criminal law. It is indicated that the criminal law relationship is of a continuing nature. The execution of a sentence itself is a combination of material and procedural relations. At the same time, their material component is the implementation of the norms of criminal law that determine the types and content of punishments. Of no small importance are the General rules on the purposes of punishment, which determine the factor of positive behavior of the convicted person in the context of his correction. The article refutes the existing points of view of scientists who criticize the attribution of criminal Executive law to complex branches. The basic model of the complex branch of law in legal theory is based on the well-founded concept of complex branches, proposed at the turn of the 1980s and 90s by the famous legal theorist V. N. Protasov. In contrast to the main industries, the complex industry «gathers» to solve strictly defined, socially significant tasks, which is associated with an increase in the right of the system principle. Thus, a complex branch of law is an integral legal system that is artificially designed to solve significant social problems by combining normative material of various branches of law. Criminal enforcement law fully meets these criteria. The main regulatory components of this industry are called, which include norms that have a criminal, administrative, and constitutional nature. Together, they regulate the relations that arise during the execution of criminal penalties, exerting an effective, comprehensive impact on them.

Defences in the Law of State ResponsibilityA View from Jurisprudence

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-202
Author(s):  
Luís Duarte d’Almeida
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
The Law ◽  
Cross Fertilization

Ongoing discussions among international lawyers on defences in state responsibility have close analogies with debates in two other fields: debates in general legal theory on defeasibility in law, and debates in criminal law theory (and philosophy) on the elements of criminal responsibility. The similarities are not surprising. But it is striking how little cross-fertilization there seems to have been. For jurisprudence and criminal law scholars have developed a number of points and distinctions that international law theorists working on defences should find helpful. This chapter illustrates these claims. Section 2 looks at defences from the point of view of general legal theory, and section 3 does the same from the point of view of criminal law theory, recommending specific solutions to particular problems. Section 4 then shows how these contributions can help to answer some persistent questions surrounding defences in the law of state responsibility.

Allegiance, Diplomatic Protection and Criminal Jurisdiction Over Aliens

1947 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lauterpacht
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Criminal Jurisdiction ◽  
Diplomatic Protection ◽  
The Right

The cause célèbre of King v. William Joyce, subsequently reported as Joyce v. Director of Public Prosecutions, was concerned to a large extent with matters of interest for international law, and it is mainly from this point of view that it is proposed to discuss it in the present article. Obviously the case is also of considerable importance both for criminal law, in so far as it is concerned with the crime of treason, and for constitutional law inasmuch as it bears directly on the question of the nature and the obligations of allegiance. However, it is probable that the case books which will claim it most insistently will be those of international law. For the decision in Rex v. Joyce is not only an authority on certain aspects of allegiance owed by aliens and of the right of a State to assume jurisdiction over acts committed by aliens abroad. It sheds light on such questions as the nature of diplomatic protection of citizens, the right of a State to protect diplomatically persons who are not its citizens, the obligation of allegiance of so-called protected persons, and some others. Not all these questions were judicially answered, but they loomed large in argument and imparted to the proceedings the complexion of a case concerned predominantly with international law. In view of this it may be pertinent to preface this article by drawing attention to a point which appears to be a mere matter of terminology but which, it is believed, raises an issue of wider significance.

scholarly journals Interest and Need: Critical Look at their Identification in Russian Law

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
A. G. Malinova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Equal Sign ◽  
Direct Identification ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Psychology And Law ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
Definition Of

Based on a critical analysis of the doctrinal definitions of the concept of "interest" in sociology, psychology, and law, it is concluded that the prevailing point of view in modern Russian legal theory, i.e. "interest is a conscious need to satisfy a need", is wrongly absolutized. Excessive psychologization of modern legal definitions of interest leads to a direct identification of interests with needs, puts an equal sign between these far from close concepts. It is shown that the widespread use of psychological terminology in legal definitions of interest (In particular, the terms "awareness" and "comprehension"), does not bring any "freshness" in legal knowledge about interests. The vast majority of phenomena, objects, and events in everyday and scientific speech are not considered to be conscious, since the awareness of these phenomena is self-evident. The doctrinal definitions of interests that exist in legal science and highlight their "awareness" as the main feature are practically unsuitable for law enforcement. The author substantiates the conclusion that the widely used legal concept of "interest" needs to be freed from the excessive psychologization of its many meanings, which will, in turn, free itself from the understanding of a conscious need as the only reason for the emergence of interest. It is suggested that the definition of "interest" should be formulated not on specific types or often synonymous meanings of this concept, but on generalizations of a higher order — such as could organically include all currently existing definitions of interest. Only universals can do this. And such a universal is the concept of "well-being".

scholarly journals Difficult way of the institution of criminal liability for attacks on the honor and dignity of the person, or problems of targeting

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
T. V. Klenova
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the institution of criminal liability for attacks on the honor and dignity of the individual. The article, using the historical method, examines the stages of development of this institution and the features of protecting the honor and dignity of the individual from the point of view of the values of a modern democratic state. The author analyses the impact of explicit and implicit criminal policy objectives on the ways to protect the honor and dignity of the individual. Particular attention is paid to the criminalization and decriminalization of libel and slander. The research is aimed at identifying the problems of targeting in changes in the institution of criminal liability for attacks on honor and dignity, when the relevant criminal law norms are replaced by administrative law norms. The author seeks to depoliticize the protection of the personal right to honor and dignity on the basis of the principle of equality of citizens before the law. The current Russian criminal legislation is mainly aimed at protecting the honor and dignity of persons in connection with their social accessories. Within the protective concept of criminal law, the author of the article justifies the conclusion that the right of anyone who has suffered from slander or insult to achieve the truth and state censure of the perpetrator is guaranteed. Such a view will also be interesting to researchers of the criminal process.

scholarly journals Circumstances Excluding Criminality of an Act in the Light of the General Theory of Law

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
A. V. Savinskiy
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The paper is devoted to an actual problem of the legal theory and practice, namely: the institution of circumstances excluding criminal nature (criminality) of an act (Chapter 8 of the Russian Criminal Code). As a manifestation of criminal and legal compromise steadily strengthening its position in domestic criminal legislation, this legal phenomenon is intended to encourage citizens to commit actions that contribute to localization or minimization of threats to the interests of the individual, society and the state protected by the law. At the same time, despite seemingly clear legislative enactment, the institution of circumstances precluding the criminal nature of an act evokes hot scientific debates. Among forensic scientists there is no uniform opinion concerning the legal nature of the criminal law institution as a whole and some of the individual types of circumstances constituting the institution under consideration, in particular. The legal literature substantiates the idea of the need to expand the legislative list of such circumstances. Investigators and judges often face difficulties in practical application of the rules enshrined in articles of Chapter 8 of the Criminal Code (especially provisions concerning necessary defense, extreme necessity, reasonable risk). The reasons for theoretical and practical problems related to the circumstances excluding the criminal nature of the act are largely preconditioned by the insufficient research of the institution under consideration in the general theory of law. This fundamental theoretical legal science lacks general legal equivalents of the criminal law concepts “criminality of the act”, “circumstances excluding criminality of the act.” It is proposed to introduce into scientific circulation the general legal equivalent of the concept “criminality of the act” — “delinquency of the act”, representing the set of such features of the offense as public harm, wrongfulness, culpability and punishability. This new legal design will allow us to investigate the phenomenon of circumstances excluding criminality of the act in the light of a general theory of law, to determine the possibility and limits of their subsidiary application in various branches of law. Thus, categories of circumstances excluding criminal, administrative, civil. disciplinary delinquency of acts will acquire the right to exist in differnt legal sciences and relevant branches of law. This, in turn, will contribute to improving the effectiveness of protection of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the individual, ensuring the interests of the society and the state.

Personal Liability and Human Free Will in the Background of Emerging Neuroethical Issues

2014 ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Angela Di Carlo ◽  
Elettra Stradella
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Legal Concepts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Personal Liability

In this chapter, the authors analyse the issues connected to emerging neurotechnologies, in particular their effects on (legal) concepts like capacity, liability, testimony, and evidence, and also on fundamental constitutional rights and freedoms like the right to autonomy and the right not to be treated without consent (in the general framework of the principle of human dignity). Starting from preliminary remarks on the key concepts of neuroethics/technoethics, neurolaw/technolaw, the authors investigate how personal liability is changing in the framework of new scientific developments. The chapter underlines that neurolaw challenges some of the traditional legal institutions in the field of law (e.g., criminal law). From the point of view of ethics, the chapter concludes that neuroethics is not challenged by the data coming from the use of emerging neurotechnologies, but human self-perception is strongly affected by it.

scholarly journals DALUWARSA DALAM PENUNTUTAN PIDANA PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA ISLAM

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-157
Author(s):  
Firdaus Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
The Right ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Abstract: This article discusses the different point of view among the Muslim scholars about whether expired can abolish the punishment or not according to Islamic criminal law. Majority of Muslim scholars view that it cannot abolish the punishment. For those who hold the principle of expiry, they do not consider it as a penalty cancellation for entire jarîmah. Islamic law sees expired is only included to cancel the right to carry out the sentence. Thus, in the perspective of Islamic criminal law, any persons who have committed a crime and it has not yet sentenced and has already expired, it does not mean that the criminal is not removed. This means that a person who commits criminal act and it is prosecuted at any times, so the case can be tried. While the expired is valid only when the crime carried out by someone has got the judge's ruling, so that the perpetrator is serving as the judge ousted.Keywords: Expired, criminal prosecution, Islamic Criminal Law.                                Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tentang daluarsa dalam penuntutan pidana perspektif hukum pidana Islam. Dalam hukum pidana Islam, di kalangan Ulama masih diperselisihkan, apakah daluwarsa dapat menghapuskan hukuman atau tidak. Menurut kebanyakan fuqaha, daluarsa tidak menghapuskan hukuman bagi seluruh jarîmah. Daluwarsa hanya masuk dalam bagian yang menghapuskan hak untuk melaksanakan hukuman. Dengan demikian, dalam perspektif hukum pidana Islam, setiap orang yang telah melakukan tindak pidana dan terhadap perbuatan pidana itu belum sampai dijatuhi hukuman, maka meskipun sudah daluwarsa, pidana tidak menjadi hapus. Ini berarti orang yang melakukan tindak pidana kapan waktu saja dapat dituntut atau perkaranya dapat diadili. Sedangkan daluwarsa hanya berlaku manakala tindak pidana yang telah dilakukan  seseorang  itu  telah  mendapat putusan  hakim  sehingga  orang tersebut harus menjalani hukuman sebagaimana yang telah dijatuhkan hakim.Kata Kunci: Daluarsa, penuntutan pidana, hukum pidana Islam. 

PHILOSOPHICAL MEANING OF PUNISHMENT IN THE WORK OF S. I. GESSEN

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Павел Сергеевич Солоницын
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Philosophy Of Punishment ◽  
The Right

Статья посвящена идеям о философском и практическом смысле уголовного наказания, высказанным в начале ХХ в. выдающимся русским мыслителем С. И. Гессеном. Данные идеи представлены в единственной работе философа, посвященной уголовно-правовой тематике: «Философии наказания». В работе Гессен, опираясь на наследие Канта, Гегеля, а также современные ему эмпирическое и рационалистическое направления в теории уголовно-правовой науки, на воззрения русского философа В. С. Соловьева, пытается сформулировать философский смысл уголовного наказания как института человеческой культуры. Гессен видит этот смысл в восстановлении нарушенного преступлением равновесия между законностью и жизнью. Иррациональный характер преступления и внесенный им в жизненный порядок хаос преодолеваются осуждением преступника, переживанием им этого осуждения и конкретными ограничениями прав преступника, которые полагаются законодательством. Осуждением восстанавливается справедливость, поскольку правовая норма, нарушенная преступлением, подтверждается актом правосудия. При этом осуждение в форме вынесения приговора рассматривается как низшая планка наказания, которая сама по себе достаточна для восстановления справедливости. Высшая планка наказания - это лишение преступника всех прав, за исключением одного. При этом Гессен не называет данного права, подчеркивая, что акт наказания, сохраняя за преступником право, подтверждает его правосубъектность, которая подразумевает, в том числе, право быть наказанным. Иные меры наказания, обычно назначаемые за преступление, рассматриваются Гессеном с точки зрения материализации осуждения как формы наказания. Они подводятся под психофизические особенности личности преступника, характер совершенного им преступления, возможности государства, а также конкретные цели наказания, которые могут стоять перед ним в различные исторические эпохи. Эти цели для Гессена с точки зрения его философской теории наказания безразличны по отношению к его сущности как акта восстановления справедливости. Высшая планка наказания также напрямую связана с вопросом смертной казни, которую Гессен выводит за рамки правового порядка. The article is devoted to the ideas about the philosophical and practical meaning of criminal punishment, expressed in the early twentieth century by the outstanding Russian thinker S. I. Gessen. These ideas are developed in the only work of the philosopher, enlightened criminal law topics - «The Philosophy of punishment». In his work, Gessen, relying on the legacy of Kant, Gegel, as well as the empirical and rationalistic trends in the theory of criminal law science, on the views of the Russian philosopher V. S. Solovyov, tries to formulate the philosophical meaning of criminal punishment as an institution of human culture. Gessen sees this meaning in restoring the balance between legality and life disturbed by crime. The irrational nature of the crime and the chaos introduced by it into the life order are overcome by the conviction of the criminal, his experience of this condemnation and specific restrictions on the rights of the criminal which are prescribed by law. By conviction justice is restored since the legal norm violated by the crime is confirmed by an act of justice. At the same time a conviction in the form of sentencing is considered as the lowest level of punishment which in itself is sufficient to restore justice. The highest level of punishment is the deprivation of the criminal of all rights with the exception of one. At the same time Gessen does not name this right. Emphasizing that the act of punishment while preserving the criminal's right confirms his legal personality which implies among other things the right to be punished. Other punishments usually imposed for a crime are considered by Gessen from the point of view of the materialization of the conviction as a form of punishment. They are summed up under the psychophysical characteristics of the criminal's personality, the nature of the crime committed by him, the capabilities of the state, as well as the specific goals of punishment that may face him in various historical epochs. These goals for Gessen from the point of view of his philosophical theory of punishment are indifferent to its essence as an act of restoring justice. The highest level of punishment is also directly related to the issue of the death penalty which Gessen takes out of the legal order.

scholarly journals The Complexity of Criminal Liability of AI Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-82
Author(s):  
Nora Osmani
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Technology is advancing at a rapid pace. As we anticipate a rapid increase in artificial intelligence (AI), we may soon find ourselves dealing with fully autonomous technology with the capacity to cause harm and injuries. What then? Who is going to be held accountable if AI systems harm us?Currently there is no answer to this question and the existing regulatory framework falls short in addressing the accountability regime of autonomous systems. This paper analyses criminal liability of AI systems, evaluated under the existing rules of criminal law. It highlights the social and legal implications of the current criminal liability regime as it is applied to the complex nature of industrial robots. Finally, the paper explores whether corporate liability is a viable option and what legal standards are possible for imposing criminal liability on the companies who deploy AI systems.The paper reveals that traditional criminal law and legal theory are not well positioned to answer the questions at hand, as there are many practical problems that require further evaluation. I have demonstrated that with the development of AI, more questions will surface and legal frameworks will inevitably need to adapt. The conclusions of this paper could be the basis for further research.

scholarly journals Publishing Complexity in the Digital Humanities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Wachter
Keyword(s):  
Digital Humanities ◽  
Collaborative Writing ◽  
Digital Publishing ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

When we talk about characteristics of Digital Humanities (DH), digital publishing certainly is a prominent domain to mention. Open access papers and books, blogging, collaborative writing, and digital editions have become deeply rooted in the DH, reflecting a self-confident culture of Open Science. The rational constitution of our writings, however, has received far less attention: How can we design digital publications that mirror epistemological implications of DH methods and the composition of our arguments and narratives better than current publishing formats? In this paper, I argue that the DH need formats that exceed traditional texts and their rather linear design. Digital publishing that provides (meta) data or remarks on applied methods as mere supplements would not be enough, too. Those elements are integral parts of a scholarly demonstration and they should be presented as such. They must be visible as constituents of our sense-making. We need media that depict the complex nature of data-driven research. Interlinked and multimodal digital publishing seems to lead in the right direction. I elaborate on this matter from a theoretical point of view by building on research on hypertext. I will also point to first successful attempts of implementation. Refining these approaches promises to facilitate the presentation of intricate sense-making in the DH.

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