scholarly journals Automatic object-based spatial selection depends on the distribution of sustained attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema Shamasdin Bidiwala ◽  
Miranda Scolari
Keyword(s):  
Flanker Task ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Relevant Task ◽  
Attentional Scope ◽  
Task Goals ◽  
Selection Mechanisms ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
Object Frame

AbstractSeveral space-based and object-based attention studies suggest these selection mechanisms may be voluntarily deployed, depending on task parameters and the attentional scope of the observer. Here, we sought to elucidate factors related to involuntary deployment of object-mediated space-based attention through two experiments. Experiment 1 used a modified flanker task where a target and nearby distractor were presented within the same or different object frames, such that an object-based attentional spread should be detrimental to performance. Results showed the presence of a flanker effect with no significant difference in magnitude between grouping conditions, indicating participants may have uniformly used a diffused attentional spotlight regardless of object segmentation. In a second experiment, we manipulated the extent of the observer’s sustained attentional scope via an inducer task to determine whether object-based selection depends on the initial spotlight size. The results revealed object-based effects solely when attention narrowly encompassed the target, but not when it was widened to include the distracting flanker. This suggests the deployment of object-based attention may occur when spatial attention is initially focused narrowly. Because selecting the whole object frame directly interfered with task goals, we conclude that object-based attention may not always fully conform to relevant task goals or operate in a goal-oriented manner. We discuss these results in the context of existing literature while proposing a reconciliation of previously inconsistent findings of object-based selection.

scholarly journals Monitoring the Efficacy of Crested Floatingheart (Nymphoides cristata) Management with Object-Based Image Analysis of UAS Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 830
Author(s):  
Adam R. Benjamin ◽  
Amr Abd-Elrahman ◽  
Lyn A. Gettys ◽  
Hartwig H. Hochmair ◽  
Kyle Thayer
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Object Based Image Analysis ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Additional Processing ◽  
Multispectral Sensors

This study investigates the use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) mapping for monitoring the efficacy of invasive aquatic vegetation (AV) management on a floating-leaved AV species, Nymphoides cristata (CFH). The study site consists of 48 treatment plots (TPs). Based on six unique flights over two days at three different flight altitudes while using both a multispectral and RGB sensor, accuracy assessment of the final object-based image analysis (OBIA)-derived classified images yielded overall accuracies ranging from 89.6% to 95.4%. The multispectral sensor was significantly more accurate than the RGB sensor at measuring CFH areal coverage within each TP only with the highest multispectral, spatial resolution (2.7 cm/pix at 40 m altitude). When measuring response in the AV community area between the day of treatment and two weeks after treatment, there was no significant difference between the temporal area change from the reference datasets and the area changes derived from either the RGB or multispectral sensor. Thus, water resource managers need to weigh small gains in accuracy from using multispectral sensors against other operational considerations such as the additional processing time due to increased file sizes, higher financial costs for equipment procurements, and longer flight durations in the field when operating multispectral sensors.

Validation of Snow Multibands in the Comma Head of an Extratropical Cyclone Using a 40-Member Ensemble

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1343-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Connelly ◽  
Brian A. Colle
Keyword(s):  
Wrf Model ◽  
Initial Boundary ◽  
Ensemble Member ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Extratropical Cyclone ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Grid Spacing ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Future Work

Abstract This paper investigates the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model in simulating multiple small-scale precipitation bands (multibands) within the extratropical cyclone comma head using four winter storm cases from 2014 to 2017. Using the model output, some physical processes are explored to investigate band prediction. A 40-member WRF ensemble was constructed down to 2-km grid spacing over the Northeast United States using different physics, stochastic physics perturbations, different initial/boundary conditions from the first five perturbed members of the Global Forecast System (GFS) Ensemble Reforecast (GEFSR), and a stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme (SKEBS). It was found that 2-km grid spacing is adequate to resolve most snowbands. A feature-based verification is applied to hourly WRF reflectivity fields from each ensemble member and the WSR-88D radar reflectivity at 2-km height above sea level. The Method for Object-Based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) tool is used for identifying multibands, which are defined as two or more bands that are 5–20 km in width and that also exhibit a >2:1 aspect ratio. The WRF underpredicts the number of multibands and has a slight eastward position bias. There is no significant difference in frontogenetical forcing, vertical stability, moisture, and vertical shear between the banded versus nonbanded members. Underpredicted band members tend to have slightly stronger frontogenesis than observed, which may be consolidating the bands, but overall there is no clear linkage in ambient condition errors and band errors, thus leaving the source for the band underprediction motivation for future work.

scholarly journals Characterization of the motor performance of newborns in a neonatal unit of tertiary level

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-560
Author(s):  
Luciana Giachetta ◽  
Carla Marques Nicolau ◽  
Regina Célia Turola Passos Juliani ◽  
Werther Brunow de Carvalho ◽  
Vera Lúcia Jornada Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neonatal Unit ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Performance Results

Summary Objective: To characterize the motor performance of newborns in a neonatal unit of tertiary level and compare the results to the values recommended by the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP). Method: Newborns between 34 and 416/7 weeks of corrected gestational age, breathing spontaneously and presenting state of consciousness 4 or 5, according to Brazelton, were included. TIMP was used to evaluate the motor performance. Results: The age groups of 34-35 and 36-37 weeks showed on average TIMP scores similar to the reference values (p>0.05), while in the age groups of 38-39 weeks and 40-41 weeks TIMP scores were statistically lower than the reference values (p<0.001 and p=0.018, respectively). The 34-35 and 36-37 week groups were rated as average, while the 38-39 and 40-41 week groups were defined as low average. Classifications below average and very below average were not observed. Conclusion: The newborns showed average scores compared to the TIMP reference values; however, there were two groups whose performances were within the low average. There was no significant difference in motor performance of newborns in the age groups of 38-39 and 40-41 weeks. This behavior suggests that the sample studied has special features that possibly negatively influenced their motor performance. The results showed that the TIMP is a very useful tool and can be used safely in tertiary neonatal units.

scholarly journals Effects of zinc supplementation on nutritional status and cognition in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Retno Asih S ◽  
Endang Warsiki ◽  
Boerhan Hidajat
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Zinc Levels ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Weight For Age

Background Zinc deficiency is common in children in develop-ing countries and data suggests the effects are detrimental towardschildren’s growth and neuropsychologic performance. Results ofmultiple studies which assess these effects have been inconsis-tent.Objective To evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation onnutritional status and cognition in children with zinc deficiency.Methods Forty-six stunted children aged 50-80 months with lowhair zinc levels were randomly assigned to receive either 7.5 mgelemental Zn or placebo twice a week for 3 months. Anthropom-etry and cognition were assessed at the beginning and the end ofthe supplementation period. Differences among both groups foranthropometry and cognition before and after supplementation wereanalyzed with paired t-test. A comparison of different anthropom-etry and cognition among the two groups were analyzed using theindependent t-test.Results There were no significant differences among baselinecharacteristics except on sex distribution.There was a significantdifference in weight for age between the zinc group and placebo[0.28 (SB 0.18) vs 0.09 (SB 0.14); P=0.0001]. Height incrementswere also greater in the zinc group [0.34 (SB 0.15) vs 0.02 (SB0.12); P=0.0001). There was no significant difference betweenweight for height. Intelligence quotient (IQ) measured by theStanford-Binnet test was slightly higher in the zinc group [2.26 (SB3.11) vs 2.00 (SB 2.81], but the difference was not significant ac-cording to sex.Conclusion Zinc supplementation produced highly positive re-sponses in weight for age and height for age increments in chil-dren with zinc deficiency compared with placebo. There was noeffect of zinc supplementation on weight for height index and noneon cognition measured by intelligence quotient (IQ)

The modulation of object-based attentional selection by facial expressions

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199176
Author(s):  
Saisai Hu ◽  
Tingkang Zhang ◽  
Yongchun Wang ◽  
Fangxing Song ◽  
Jingjing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
Attentional Spreading ◽  
Negative Condition ◽  
Disengagement Of Attention

Human beings can show preferentially attentional bias to different facial expressions. However, it is unclear whether the modulation of selective attention by facial expressions is based on the face itself (object-based attention) or its location (space-based attention). This study aimed to test this problem by using faces with different emotional valences in the two-rectangle paradigm across three experiments. We found that there was no significant difference in space-based effect among the positive, neutral, and negative conditions. However, the object-based effect was larger for the negative condition than for the neutral and positive ones, because of its slower reaction times for the invalid different-object trials. The results indicated that the object-based attentional selection was modulated by facial expressions, and that faces expressing negative emotions hamper the disengagement of attention from the whole object (i.e., the face), instead of the certain location. Our study can further add support to the attentional prioritisation hypothesis over attentional spreading hypothesis.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of an Integrated Intervention Program for Alcoholism: Electrophysiological Findings

2020 ◽  
pp. 025371762092787
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Keshav Janakiprasad Kumar ◽  
Vivek Benegal ◽  
Bangalore N. Roopesh ◽  
Girikematha S. Ravi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Integrated Intervention ◽  
Related Potentials

Background: Neuroelectrophysiological measures such as electroencephalograms (EEGs) in resting state and event-related potentials (ERPs) provide valuable information about the vulnerability and treatment-related changes in persons with alcoholism. This study examined the effectiveness of an Integrated Intervention Program for Alcoholism (IIPA) using electrophysiological measures. Methods: Fifty individuals with early onset of alcohol dependence participated. They were grouped randomly into two: the treatment as usual (TAU) group and the treatment group, matched on age (±1 year) and education (±1 year). eyes closed and resting state EEGs and ERPs on cognitive tasks (flanker task, alcohol Go/No-Go task, and single outcome gambling task) were recorded before and after treatment. The TAU group received pharmacotherapy, six days/week yoga sessions, and three sessions/week group therapy on relapse prevention while the treatment group received IIPA along with usual treatment (except yoga) for 18 days. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups pre-treatment. RM-ANOVA for pre- and post-treatment stages showed a significant difference between the two groups in the absolute power of alpha, beta, theta, and delta, during eye closure, in the resting-state EEGs. The treatment group showed significantly larger N200/N2 amplitude in congruent and incongruent conditions (flanker task), N200/N2 amplitude for alcohol No-Go, P300/P3 amplitude for neutral No-Go on alcohol Go/No-Go task, and outcome-related positivity (ORP) amplitude on single outcome gambling task. Conclusion: This exploratory study suggests that IIPA is effective for enhancing relaxation state and attentiveness, decreasing hyperarousal, and ameliorating neurocognitive dysfunctions of conflict-monitoring, response inhibition, and reward processing.

scholarly journals Mice plan decision strategies based on previously learned time intervals, locations, and probabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuğçe Tosun ◽  
Ezgi Gür ◽  
Fuat Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Response Requirement ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Relevant Task ◽  
Switching Task ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
Dependent Choice

Animals can shape their timed behaviors based on experienced probabilistic relations in a nearly optimal fashion. On the other hand, it is not clear if they adopt these timed decisions by making computations based on previously learnt task parameters (time intervals, locations, and probabilities) or if they gradually develop their decisions based on trial and error. To address this question, we tested mice in the timed-switching task, which required them to anticipate when (after a short or long delay) and at which of the two delay locations a reward would be presented. The probability of short trials differed between test groups in two experiments. Critically, we first trained mice on relevant task parameters by signaling the active trial with a discriminative stimulus and delivered the corresponding reward after the associated delay without any response requirement (without inducing switching behavior). During the test phase, both options were presented simultaneously to characterize the emergence and temporal characteristics of the switching behavior. Mice exhibited timed-switching behavior starting from the first few test trials, and their performance remained stable throughout testing in the majority of the conditions. Furthermore, as the probability of the short trial increased, mice waited longer before switching from the short to long location (experiment 1). These behavioral adjustments were in directions predicted by reward maximization. These results suggest that rather than gradually adjusting their time-dependent choice behavior, mice abruptly adopted temporal decision strategies by directly integrating their previous knowledge of task parameters into their timed behavior, supporting the model-based representational account of temporal risk assessment.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effect of Coaching on Teamwork Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Neil Aldrin ◽  
Andyan Pradipta Utama
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Work Team ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Performance Results

This study aims to examine the effect of coaching on teamwork, using a quantitative approach to test whether there are significant differences. The research sample was 15 employees who joined in one teamwork at the same company. The results show that the correlation between before using coaching and after its use is very strong and significant. So that it can be said that there is a significant difference in teamwork after being given coaching. Thus it is proven that coaching affects teamwork performance. Results are seen three months after coaching is taught. This is intended to see whether it can really be applied to the work team. The results found that there were very significant differences in the work team before and after coaching was taught.

scholarly journals The Reliability of a Functional Agility Test for Water Polo

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Tucher ◽  
Flávio Antonio de Souza Castro ◽  
Nuno Domingos Garrido ◽  
Antonio José Rocha Martins da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Careful Selection ◽  
Reliability Measures ◽  
Water Polo ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractFew functional agility tests for water polo take into consideration its specific characteristics. The preliminary objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of an agility test for water polo players. Fifteen players (16.3 ± 1.8 years old) with a minimum of two years of competitive experience were evaluated. A Functional Test for Agility Performance (FTAP) was designed to represent the context of this sport. Several trials were performed to familiarize the athlete with the movement. Two experienced coaches measured three repetitions of the FTAP. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), 95% limit of agreement (LOA), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurements (SEM) were used for data analysis. It was considered that certain criteria of reliability measures were met. There was no significant difference between the repetitions, which may be explained by an effect of the evaluator, the ability of the players or fatigue (p > 0.05). The ICC average from evaluators was high (0.88). The SEM varied between 0.13 s and 0.49 s. The CV average considering each individual was near 6-7%. These values depended on the condition of measurement. As the FTAP contains some characteristics that create a degree of unpredictability, the same athlete may reach different performance results, increasing variability. An adjustment in the sample, familiarization and careful selection of subjects help to improve this situation and enhance the reliability of the indicators.

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