scholarly journals Phosphoramidite building blocks with protected nitroxides for the synthesis of spin-labeled DNA and RNA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1563-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Weinrich ◽  
Eva A Jaumann ◽  
Ute M Scheffer ◽  
Thomas F Prisner ◽  
Michael W Göbel
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Spin Labels ◽  
Molecular Models ◽  
Protective Group ◽  
Air Oxidation ◽  
Nitroxide Radicals ◽  
Complementary Dna ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Standard Procedures

TEMPO spin labels protected with 2-nitrobenzyloxymethyl groups were attached to the amino residues of three different nucleosides: deoxycytidine, deoxyadenosine, and adenosine. The corresponding phosphoramidites could be incorporated by unmodified standard procedures into four different self-complementary DNA and two RNA oligonucleotides. After photochemical removal of the protective group, elimination of formic aldehyde and spontaneous air oxidation, the nitroxide radicals were regenerated in high yield. The resulting spin-labeled palindromic duplexes could be directly investigated by PELDOR spectroscopy without further purification steps. Spin–spin distances measured by PELDOR correspond well to the values obtained from molecular models.

scholarly journals Bacterial cellulose spheroids as building blocks for 3D and patterned living materials and for regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin Caro-Astorga ◽  
Kenneth T. Walker ◽  
Natalia Herrera ◽  
Koon-Yang Lee ◽  
Tom Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
First Time ◽  
3D Shapes ◽  
Promising Avenue ◽  
Living Materials

AbstractEngineered living materials (ELMs) based on bacterial cellulose (BC) offer a promising avenue for cheap-to-produce materials that can be programmed with genetically encoded functionalities. Here we explore how ELMs can be fabricated in a modular fashion from millimetre-scale biofilm spheroids grown from shaking cultures of Komagataeibacter rhaeticus. Here we define a reproducible protocol to produce BC spheroids with the high yield bacterial cellulose producer K. rhaeticus and demonstrate for the first time their potential for their use as building blocks to grow ELMs in 3D shapes. Using genetically engineered K. rhaeticus, we produce functionalized BC spheroids and use these to make and grow patterned BC-based ELMs that signal within a material and can sense and report on chemical inputs. We also investigate the use of BC spheroids as a method to regenerate damaged BC materials and as a way to fuse together smaller material sections of cellulose and synthetic materials into a larger piece. This work improves our understanding of BC spheroid formation and showcases their great potential for fabricating, patterning and repairing ELMs based on the promising biomaterial of bacterial cellulose.

scholarly journals MXenes for future nanophotonic device applications

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1831-1853
Author(s):  
Jaeho Jeon ◽  
Yajie Yang ◽  
Haeju Choi ◽  
Jin-Hong Park ◽  
Byoung Hun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Optoelectronic Device ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Saturable Absorption ◽  
Nanophotonic Device ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Device Applications

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, collectively referred to as MXenes, are considered as the new family of 2D materials for the development of functional building blocks for optoelectronic and photonic device applications. Their advantages are based on their unique and tunable electronic and optical properties, which depend on the modulation of transition metal elements or surface functional groups. In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive review of MXenes to suggest an insightful perspective on future nanophotonic and optoelectronic device applications based on advanced synthesis processes and theoretically predicted or experimentally verified material properties. Recently developed optoelectronic and photonic devices, such as photodetectors, solar cells, fiber lasers, and light-emitting diodes are summarized in this review. Wide-spectrum photodetection with high photoresponsivity, high-yield solar cells, and effective saturable absorption were achieved by exploiting different MXenes. Further, the great potential of MXenes as an electrode material is predicted with a controllable work function in a wide range (1.6–8 eV) and high conductivity (~104 S/cm), and their potential as active channel material by generating a tunable energy bandgap is likewise shown. MXene can provide new functional building blocks for future generation nanophotonic device applications.

scholarly journals Integrated Optical Phased Arrays for Beam Forming and Steering

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4017
Author(s):  
Yongjun Guo ◽  
Yuhao Guo ◽  
Chunshu Li ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Beam Forming ◽  
Integrated Optical ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays ◽  
Infrared Spectral ◽  
Spectral Ranges

Integrated optical phased arrays can be used for beam shaping and steering with a small footprint, lightweight, high mechanical stability, low price, and high-yield, benefiting from the mature CMOS-compatible fabrication. This paper reviews the development of integrated optical phased arrays in recent years. The principles, building blocks, and configurations of integrated optical phased arrays for beam forming and steering are presented. Various material platforms can be used to build integrated optical phased arrays, e.g., silicon photonics platforms, III/V platforms, and III–V/silicon hybrid platforms. Integrated optical phased arrays can be implemented in the visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared spectral ranges. The main performance parameters, such as field of view, beamwidth, sidelobe suppression, modulation speed, power consumption, scalability, and so on, are discussed in detail. Some of the typical applications of integrated optical phased arrays, such as free-space communication, light detection and ranging, imaging, and biological sensing, are shown, with future perspectives provided at the end.

scholarly journals Constructing Large 2D Lattices Out of DNA-Tiles

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1502
Author(s):  
Johannes M. Parikka ◽  
Karolina Sokołowska ◽  
Nemanja Markešević ◽  
J. Jussi Toppari
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Liquid Interfaces ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Dna Tiles ◽  
One Step ◽  
Solid Liquid

The predictable nature of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) interactions enables assembly of DNA into almost any arbitrary shape with programmable features of nanometer precision. The recent progress of DNA nanotechnology has allowed production of an even wider gamut of possible shapes with high-yield and error-free assembly processes. Most of these structures are, however, limited in size to a nanometer scale. To overcome this limitation, a plethora of studies has been carried out to form larger structures using DNA assemblies as building blocks or tiles. Therefore, DNA tiles have become one of the most widely used building blocks for engineering large, intricate structures with nanometer precision. To create even larger assemblies with highly organized patterns, scientists have developed a variety of structural design principles and assembly methods. This review first summarizes currently available DNA tile toolboxes and the basic principles of lattice formation and hierarchical self-assembly using DNA tiles. Special emphasis is given to the forces involved in the assembly process in liquid-liquid and at solid-liquid interfaces, and how to master them to reach the optimum balance between the involved interactions for successful self-assembly. In addition, we focus on the recent approaches that have shown great potential for the controlled immobilization and positioning of DNA nanostructures on different surfaces. The ability to position DNA objects in a controllable manner on technologically relevant surfaces is one step forward towards the integration of DNA-based materials into nanoelectronic and sensor devices.

Synthesis in High Yield of Complementary DNA of Retroviral RNA

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Arya ◽  
N. A. Young
Keyword(s):  
High Yield ◽  
Complementary Dna

High Yield Assembly of Compliant MEMS Snap Fasteners

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Murthy ◽  
Aditya N. Das ◽  
Dan O. Popa
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Deformation Energy ◽  
High Yield ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Robotic Cells ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Important Design

Heterogeneous assembly at the microscale has recently emerged as a viable pathway to constructing 3-dimensional microrobots and other miniaturized devices. In contrast to self-assembly, this method is directed and deterministic, and is based on serial or parallel microassembly. Whereas at the meso and macro scales, automation is often undertaken after, and often benchmarked against manual assembly, we demonstrate that deterministic automation at the MEMS scale can be completed with higher yields through the use of engineered compliance and precision robotic cells. Snap fasteners have long been used as a way to exploit the inherent stability of local minima of the deformation energy caused by interference during part mating. In this paper we assume that the building blocks are 2 1/2 -dimensional, as is the case with lithographically microfabricated MEMS parts. The assembly of the snap fasteners is done using μ3, a multi-robot microassembly station with unique characteristics located at our ARRI’s Texas Microfactory lab. Experiments are performed to demonstrate that fast and reliable assemblies can be expected if the microparts and the robotic cell satisfy a so-called “High Yield Assembly Condition” (H.Y.A.C.). Important design trade-offs for assembly and performance of microsnap fasteners are discussed and experimentally evaluated.

A Comprehensive One-Pot Synthesis of Protected Cysteine and Selenocysteine SPPS Derivatives

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1257-1264
Author(s):  
Stevenson Flemer
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Yield ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Peptide Models ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Proof Of Principle ◽  
Subsequent Incorporation

A proof-of-principle methodology is presented in which all commercially-available cysteine (Cys) and selenocysteine (Sec) solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) derivatives are synthesized in high yield from easily prepared protected dichalcogenide precursors. A Zn-mediated biphasic reduction process applied to a series of four bis-Nα-protected dichalcogenide compounds allows facile conversion to their corresponding thiol and selenol intermediates followed by insitu S- or Se-alkylation with various electrophiles to directly access twenty one known Cys and Sec SPPS derivatives. Most of these derivatives were able to be precipitated in crude form out of petroleum ether in sufficient purity for direct use as peptide building blocks. Subsequent incorporation of these derivatives into peptide models nicely illustrates their viability and applicability toward SPPS.

scholarly journals Self‐Assembly of DNA and RNA Building Blocks Explored by Nitrogen‐14 NMR Crystallography: Structure and Dynamics

ChemPhysChem ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1044-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Carnevale ◽  
Marcel Hollenstein ◽  
Geoffrey Bodenhausen
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Nmr Crystallography

scholarly journals Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 613-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Koch ◽  
Fabian J Eber ◽  
Carlos Azucena ◽  
Alexander Förste ◽  
Stefan Walheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
High Yield ◽  
External Control ◽  
Immobilization Of Enzymes

The rod-shaped nanoparticles of the widespread plant pathogentobacco mosaic virus(TMV) have been a matter of intense debates and cutting-edge research for more than a hundred years. During the late 19th century, their behavior in filtration tests applied to the agent causing the 'plant mosaic disease' eventually led to the discrimination of viruses from bacteria. Thereafter, they promoted the development of biophysical cornerstone techniques such as electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. Since the 1950s, the robust, helically arranged nucleoprotein complexes consisting of a single RNA and more than 2100 identical coat protein subunits have enabled molecular studies which have pioneered the understanding of viral replication and self-assembly, and elucidated major aspects of virus–host interplay, which can lead to agronomically relevant diseases. However, during the last decades, TMV has acquired a new reputation as a well-defined high-yield nanotemplate with multivalent protein surfaces, allowing for an ordered high-density presentation of multiple active molecules or synthetic compounds. Amino acid side chains exposed on the viral coat may be tailored genetically or biochemically to meet the demands for selective conjugation reactions, or to directly engineer novel functionality on TMV-derived nanosticks. The natural TMV size (length: 300 nm) in combination with functional ligands such as peptides, enzymes, dyes, drugs or inorganic materials is advantageous for applications ranging from biomedical imaging and therapy approaches over surface enlargement of battery electrodes to the immobilization of enzymes. TMV building blocks are also amenable to external control of in vitro assembly and re-organization into technically expedient new shapes or arrays, which bears a unique potential for the development of 'smart' functional 3D structures. Among those, materials designed for enzyme-based biodetection layouts, which are routinely applied, e.g., for monitoring blood sugar concentrations, might profit particularly from the presence of TMV rods: Their surfaces were recently shown to stabilize enzymatic activities upon repeated consecutive uses and over several weeks. This review gives the reader a ride through strikingly diverse achievements obtained with TMV-based particles, compares them to the progress with related viruses, and focuses on latest results revealing special advantages for enzyme-based biosensing formats, which might be of high interest for diagnostics employing 'systems-on-a-chip'.

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