scholarly journals The History of Collecting and Writing down the Manas Epos

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Ч.Т. Субакожоева
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Great Work ◽  
History Of Collecting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Revolutionary Period

В киргизском фольклоре эпический жанр получил значительное развитие. Среди многочисленных сказок, песен, малых эпосов особое место занимает эпос «Манас». Эпос «Манас», принадлежащий творению киргизского народа, нашел свое бытование как в Киргизской Республике, так и в Китайской Народной Республике, где проживают этнические киргизы. Собирание и запись текстов «Манаса»ввиду его многовариантности и огромных размеров представляло большую научную проблему. В его собирании, публикации и исследовании приняли самое активное участие лучшие представители русской академической науки второй половины ХIХ — начала ХХ века, ведущие советские фольклористы многих национальностей, прежде всего киргизские, а также собиратели и исследователи «Манаса» из Китайской Народной Республики. Цель статьи — рассмотреть историю собирания и фиксации эпоса «Манас» в Киргизии и в Китае. Начало записи эпоса было положено еще в дореволюционное время Ч. Валихановым и В. Радловым и продолжено в советское время К. Мифтаховым, И. Абдырахмановым в Киргизской Республике. Эпос «Манас» популярен и в Китайской Народной Республике, где имеются многочисленные сказители эпоса, выступающие со своими вариантами. Большое внимание уделяется в Китае сбору и записи различных вариантов эпоса. Среди записчиков эпоса широко известна деятельность Балбая Мамая, Лю Фажун, Ху Чжэнхуа, Сакен Өмүр, Лю Чиенву и др. Благодаря их научно-исследовательской работе были записаны материалы многих сказителей. Таким образом, можно констатировать, что проделана огромная и важная работа в области записи вариантов эпоса «Манас» как в Киргизии, так и в Китае. The epic genre plays a significant role in Kyrgyz folklore. The Manas epos is prominent among the numerous tales, songs, and smaller epic works of Kyrgyz folklore. The Manas epos is popular both in the Kyrgyz Republic and in China where people of Kyrgyz ethnicity live. The work of collecting and writing down the Manas epos is a great challenge, for the epic is exceptionally long and versatile. The best Russian scholars of the late 19th — early 20th century, leading Soviet and Chinese researchers of Kyrgyz folklore united their efforts to collect and write down the Manas epos. The aim of the article is to analyze the history of collecting and writing down the Manas epos in Kyrgyzstan and in China. The process of collecting and writing down the epic work started in the pre-revolutionary period by Ch. Vaikhanov and V. Radlov. The work was continued by K. Miftakhov and I. Abdyrakhmanov in the Kyrgyz Republic. The Manas epos is popular in China, where there are many epic storytellers who recite their own variants of the epic. Chinese scholars work to collect and write down various variants of the epic. The most famous epic poetry collectors are Balbay Mamay, Lu Fajun, Hu Jen-hwa, Saken Omur, Lu Chienwu and others. The researchers have managed to write down more than twenty different variants of the epic. They have undoubtedly done great work in the sphere of collecting and writing down the Manas epos in Kyrgyzstan and in China.

scholarly journals Local Government in Siberia in the 18th – Early 20th Century (Source Studies and Specific Historical Aspects)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3 (27)) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Anatoly P. Tolochko ◽  
Igor A. Konovalov
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The paper systematizes sources on the problem of formation and development of the local government in Siberia of the imperial period. The following groups of sources are highlighted: regulatory and legal acts; office materials; statistical materials; periodicals; sources of personal origin. The regional specificity in the content and structure of sources on the studied topic is presented. Taken together, the above sources allow characterizing the history of local government in Siberia in the 18th - early 20th century. The paper allows to present the problem of one of the important aspects of the Siberian history of the pre-revolutionary period in the interaction of sociopolitical, personal and departmental conflicts.

Once Again on the Existence of Bylinas (Russian Heroic Epics) in the Perm Kama Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Александр Васильевич Черных
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Field Recordings ◽  
History Of Collecting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Textual Material ◽  
Number Of Publications

В статье анализируется история собирания, изучения и публикации в Пермском Прикамье былинных текстов в ХIХ - начале ХХ в., выявления и собирания фольклорных текстов с былинными сюжетами во второй половине ХХ - начале ХХI в. История былиноведения в регионе насчитывает более двух веков от первого упоминания о былинных сюжетах В. Берха (1821) до записей начала ХХI в. Поиск былин и собирательская деятельность в регионе связана с именами видных российских фольклористов Н. Е. Ончукова и А. В. Маркова. Несмотря на многочисленные публикации и свидетельства о бытовании былин, собственно былинных текстов записано и опубликовано крайне мало. Большинство записей принадлежит пермским исследователям; отчасти это обусловлено тем, что при характерном для Прикамья точечном и единичном бытовании былин такие записи были возможны только при многолетнем целенаправленном изучении фольклора. Значительно число публикаций, в которых приводится информация о былинах, но она не подкреплена текстовыми материалами. Анализируются записи и упоминания о былинных сюжетах в коми-пермяцком фольклоре. Рассматриваются особенности выявления новых текстов былин и былинных сюжетов в государственных архивных собраниях и фольклорных архивах. Рассмотрена работа пермских фольклористов в последние десятилетия и записи былинных сюжетов. В приложении к статье опубликовано несколько текстов из архивных собраний и полевых записей. This article analyzes the history of collecting, studying and publishing bylina texts in the Perm Kama Region in the 19th - early 20th century, and the identification and collection of folklore texts with bylina subjects in the second half of the 20th - early 21st century. The history of bylina studies from the region dates back almost two centuries, from the first mention of bylina stories by V. Berkh (1821) to recordings of the beginning of the 21st century. The search for bylinas and collecting activity in the region are associated with the names of the prominent Russian folklorists N. E. Onchukov and A. V. Markov. Despite numerous publications and evidence of the existence of bylinas, very few actual bylinas have been recorded and published. Most of the recording was done by Perm researchers; this is partly due to the fact that because of the characteristically spotty and sporadic presence of bylinas in the Kama Region, their documentation was only possible by long-term purposeful study. There is a significant number of publications that provide information about bylinas, but it is not supported by textual material. In this article, the existing records and references to bylina stories in Komi-Permian folklore are analyzed. It examines the particularities of identifying new bylina texts and subjects in state archival collections and folklore archives. It also considers the work of Permian folklorists in recent decades and their recording of bylina stories. Several texts from archival collections and field recordings are published in the appendix to the article.

Economic Views of L. Trotsky

2004 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov ◽  
S. Dzarasov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Russian History ◽  
History Of

The paper written in the light of 125th birth anniversary of L. Trotsky analyzes the life and ideas of one of the most prominent figures in the Russian history of the 20th century. He was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution in its Bolshevik period, worked with V. Lenin and played a significant role in the Civil War. Rejected by the party bureaucracy L. Trotsky led uncompromising struggle against Stalinism, defending his own understanding of the revolutionary ideals. The authors try to explain these events in historical perspective, avoiding biases of both Stalinism and anticommunism.

Public Libraries of the Vladimir and Kostroma Provinces' District Towns in the Second Half of the 19th — early 20th Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Native Population ◽  
History Of

On the history of the first public libraries in the province towns of Vladimirskaya and Kostromskaya provinces in the second half of the 17th century - early 20th century. The author considers main statistical data of libraries and analyses necessity and influence of these libraries and reading rooms on the native population.

ABOUT CUSTOMS BUSINESS IN TURKESTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th -EARLY 20th CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Chinpulat Kurbanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stage Development

The author in this scientific article examines the stage-by-stage development and formation of customs in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th -early 20th centuries. The author studied the history of customs in Turkestan and its role in establishing a single customs line in the future with neighboring khanates. The author focuses on the role of Russia in the establishment of a single customs line and the development of customs in Turkestan

‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech’: New Essays on the History of Archeology

2018 ◽  
pp. 1274-1279
Author(s):  
Elena V. Olimpieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publication Practices ◽  
Controversial Nature

The article reviews O. A. Shashkova’s ‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech.’ Essays on the History of Archaeography of the 15th - Early 20th Century. Wide array of sources and broad geographical frameworks allow Shashkova to present emergence and development of Russian and European archaeography from the 15th to early 20th century intelligibly enough for educational purposes. A whole chapter is devoted to the manuscript tradition and publishing of sources before Gutenberg. When considering the formation of archaeographical tradition, the author uses comparative method. O. A. Shashkova offers a historical overview and analyzes theoretical and practical issues of archaeography. The reviewer notes the significance of the chosen topic due to a need to reconsider the development of publishing in light of modern views on archaeography and to make it accessible to students and non-professionals. She notes traditional academic approach of O. A. Shashkova to presentation of the development publication practices. The review considers the possibility of using the ‘Essays...’ in studying the history of archaeography and offers possible directions for a broader consideration of historical experience, in particular, of Novikov’s publication projects. The review notes the controversial nature of the author’s approach to systematization of her large historical material in order to consider issues concerning the study of archaeographical practices. It stresses that coverage of issues of development of methods of preparation of publications separately from its historical and practical aspects hinders successful mastering of the material by an untrained reader. It concludes that the publication has high practical value for specialists in archaeography and students.

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

One Hundred Years of Empirical Aesthetics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Nadal ◽  
Esther Ureña
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gestalt Psychology ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Motivational Theory ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
History Of ◽  
Functional Psychology

This article reviews the history of empirical aesthetics since its foundation by Fechner in 1876 to Berlyne’s new empirical aesthetics in the 1970s. The authors explain why and how Fechner founded the field, and how Wundt and Müller’s students continued his work in the early 20th century. In the United States, empirical aesthetics flourished as part of American functional psychology at first, and later as part of behaviorists’ interest in reward value. The heyday of behaviorism was also a golden age for the development of all sorts of tests for artistic and aesthetic aptitudes. The authors end the article by covering the contributions of Gestalt psychology and Berlyne’s motivational theory to empirical aesthetics.

Narrative Structure and Content of Vietnamese Stories Regarding Tutelary Deities of Villages (thần tích): Case Study of the Story of Yết Kiêu Spirit

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Elena V. Gordienko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
European Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temple Community

This article analyzes the Story of a fisherman Yết Kiêu (歇驕) who is worshiped as a tutelary spirit in villages of Northern Vietnam. Yết Kiêu is a semi-mythical character and he is widely credited with supernatural abilities and merits in war against the Mongols (1288). I investigate the text that belongs to thần tích genre (神). It is a manuscript written in Vietnamese at Yết Kiêu’s birthplace, which is the central place of his worship (on the basis of previous texts of the 16th–19th centuries). The Story of Yết Kiêu has a complex structure reflecting the history of the development of this particular text and the whole genre as well. The story can be divided in four parts differing in form and content: the folk layer (the oldest part), the historical narrative (likely compiled by court historiographers in the 15th–17th centuries), the legend of Yết Kiêu’s Mongolian bride (emerged evidently in a temple community during later centuries) and the description of Yết Kiêu’s cult (which appeared under the influence of the European research methods in the early 20th century). The article contains a fragment of the story translated into Russian.

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