The development of a soluble glass bolus to deliver selenium and cobalt to sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 245-245
Author(s):  
N.R. Kendall ◽  
A.M. Mackenzie ◽  
S.B. Telfer
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Single Element ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Soluble Glass ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
The Uk

Trace element deficiencies have been reported throughout the UK and are known to decrease the productivity and welfare of animals. Selenium deficiency is characterised by muscular myopathy, white muscle disease or stiff lamb disease. Subclinical deficiencies can also cause reduced growth rate and impaired immune function. In ruminant animals, cobalt is required for the synthesis of vitamin B12 and deficiency leads to Pine, characterised by emaciation, anaemia and listlessness. Trace element deficiencies can be due to either a single element or multiple elements. Situations occur particularly in sheep where cobalt and/or selenium are deficient but where copper supplementation can be toxic. To correct these deficiencies, a single long-lasting and effective treatment in the form of a soluble glass bolus has been designed to release cobalt and selenium. This new bolus is similar to the commercial Cosecure® bolus, which is a Co/Se/Cu soluble glass, in which zinc replaces the copper.

The development of a soluble glass bolus to deliver selenium and cobalt to sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 245-245
Author(s):  
N.R. Kendall ◽  
A.M. Mackenzie ◽  
S.B. Telfer
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Single Element ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Soluble Glass ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
The Uk

Trace element deficiencies have been reported throughout the UK and are known to decrease the productivity and welfare of animals. Selenium deficiency is characterised by muscular myopathy, white muscle disease or stiff lamb disease. Subclinical deficiencies can also cause reduced growth rate and impaired immune function. In ruminant animals, cobalt is required for the synthesis of vitamin B12 and deficiency leads to Pine, characterised by emaciation, anaemia and listlessness. Trace element deficiencies can be due to either a single element or multiple elements. Situations occur particularly in sheep where cobalt and/or selenium are deficient but where copper supplementation can be toxic. To correct these deficiencies, a single long-lasting and effective treatment in the form of a soluble glass bolus has been designed to release cobalt and selenium. This new bolus is similar to the commercial Cosecure® bolus, which is a Co/Se/Cu soluble glass, in which zinc replaces the copper.

scholarly journals The essentiality of selenium for humans, animals, and plants, and the role of selenium in plant metabolism and physiology

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Garousi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Harmful Effects

AbstractAfter its discovery, selenium was most noted for its harmful effects. Selenium was the first element identified to occur in native vegetation at levels toxic to animals. Poisoning of animals can occur through consumption of plants containing toxic levels of selenium. Livestock consuming excessive amounts of selenized forages are afflicted with “alkali disease” and “blind staggers”. Typical symptoms of these diseases include loss of hair, deformed hooves, blindness, colic, diarrhoea, lethargy, increased heart and respiration rates, and eventually death. On the other hand, selenium deficiency in animal feeds can cause “white muscle disease”, a degenerative disease of the cardiac and skeletal muscles. In this regard, this review paper attempts to summarize the essentiality of selenium for humans, animals, and plants and the role of selenium in plant metabolism and physiology.

Trace Element Deficiency in Ruminants

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Macpherson
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Animal Diseases ◽  
Trace Element Deficiency ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The connection between trace element deficiencies and specific animal diseases, such as white muscle disease and swayback, has long been recognized, but the nature of the underlying mechanisms and the consequences of subclinical deficiency are only just beginning to be understood. This article considers the dietary significance of copper, selenium, cobalt, and iodine in ruminants, and concludes with a review of practical methods for preventing or correcting deficiencies.

Ultrasonography of the Cardiopulmonary System in Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chronic Pneumonia ◽  
Cardiopulmonary System

This article reviews the normal cardiac chamber appearance and quantitative dimensions in healthy dromedary camels. Besides, it shows results of ultrasonography of the lungs and pleura and its dimensions in camels. First part of the review deals with technique of echocardiography of the normal camel heart and cardiac dimensions, echocardiographic protocol and the results of the right and left parasternal ultrasonograms. It also reviews the minimum, maximum, mean values, standard deviations and coefficient of variation for the internal echocardiographic measurements in healthy camels. Second part of this review article deals with pulmonary ultrasonography and its technique and ultrasonographic finding in healthy camels. It also reviews the measurements for the dorsal and the ventral lung borders and the resulting dorsoventral dimensions of the right and left lungs. Both first and second parts are then followed by practical application of cardiopulmonary ultrasonography in camel medicine. This section shows in order the ultrasonographic findings in camels with white muscle disease (Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency), chronic pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in diseased camels.

scholarly journals Selenium in long term feeding and the frequency of White Muscle Disease in cattle in Finland during the years 1978—1985

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Hakon W. Westermarck
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Se Status

Selenium deficiency was established in 1961 as the primary cause for WMD in Finland. This started the propylactic treatment with mineral salts containing 0.1 ppm Se as Sodium selenite in Finland officially in 1969, the first in the world. The incidents of WMD decreased from 1.06 % in 1978 to 0.66 % in 1984. If in heifers only from 18 907 cases, 7.9 % to 11 328 cases, 4.6 %, in 1984. The decrease of WMD cases reflects a better Se status in cattle as a whole, and has also contributed to an increase in the Se content in animal products. Even though Se insufficiency was established to be important for animals, the significance of Se for human beings was disregarded, until the consequences of the deficiency in man was demonstrated by T. Westermarck in 1977.

Further observations on plant selenium levels in Western Australia

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Gardiner ◽  
RC Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Significant Difference

A survey of plant selenium was carried out in the agricultural district of Western Australia in the spring of 1962. Pasture samples were collected from mid-August to mid-November during, or shortly after, the spring flush of growth in the different districts. Pastures were collected from both 'light' and 'heavy' country in each of the districts, and whenever possible, fertilizer history was recorded and botanical composition determined. Pasture samples from the 10-15 inch rainfall belt averaged 0.26 p.p.m. selenium ; from the 15-20 inch rainfall belt, 0.08 p.p.m., from the 21-30 inch rainfall belt, 0.056 3.p.m ; and from the higher than 30 inch belt, 0.036 p.p.m. If the critical level for selenium deficiency syndromes is placed at 0.05 p.p.m., then deficiency levels mg appear in all rainfall belts, the lower limit of which is the 15 inch isobyet. Regression analyses showed that there was a significant difference between the selenium contents of pastures from heavy and light soils in each rainfall area. The indicator condition of selenium levels of 0.05 p.p.m or less (white muscle disease) has not been seen in the northern range of the higher rainfall districts, although here, as elsewhere, plant selenium levels appear to be predicated on mean annual rainfall figures and on type of county. Grasses and cereals tended to dominate the pastures in the areas with less than 15 inches of rainfall a-year, while subterranean clover with admixtures of capeweed and grasses were chiefly found in the higher rainfall districts.

Vitamin E and selenium status of sheep during autumn in Western Australia and its relationship to the incidence of apparent white muscle disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. White ◽  
L. Rewell
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin E Deficiency ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Plasma Vitamin E

This paper reports on the status of vitamin E and selenium in weaner and adult sheep in Western Australia (WA) during autumn, and its relationship to the incidence of apparent white muscle disease (WMD). A survey was conducted in which blood samples were taken from 10 weaner sheep (8–12 months of age) and 10 adult ewes (3 years of age) from flocks on 38 properties within the main southern agricultural region of WA, an area carrying ~10 million sheep. Deficiency of vitamin E was defined as a plasma α-tocopherol concentration less than 0.7 mg/L. Selenium deficiency was defined as whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity less than 50 U/L. Incidence and severity of apparent WMD were defined in terms of elevated plasma activities of creatine kinase (CK) or aspartate aminotransaminase (AST). Of the weaner flocks, 58% (22/38) had mean plasma vitamin E concentrations in the deficient range (<0.7 mg/L) and 50% (19/38) had mean CK activities above 400 U/L (mild WMD); four of these flocks had mean CK activities over 1200 U/L (severe WMD). Of all the individual weaner sheep sampled, 6% had plasma CK activities >1200 U/L. It is likely that the incidence of vitamin E deficiency would have been higher had it not been for unseasonal summer rain germinating pasture on eight of the survey farms in the northern wheat belt. Flocks from farms with an evident green flush to their pastures had higher vitamin E levels than flocks grazing dry pasture. Vitamin E deficiency was less common in adult sheep than weaner sheep, with only 16% of flocks (6/38) having mean plasma concentrations below 0.7 mg/L and 11% (4/38) with CK values above 400 U/L. Selenium deficiency was less common than vitamin E deficiency and was mostly confined to adult flocks, with only 5% (2/38) of these having mean GPx values below the critical value of 50 U/g haemoglobin. For both weaner and adult sheep classed as vitamin E deficient, CK and AST activity in plasma was best described by a combination of plasma vitamin E concentration and whole blood activity of GPx (significant linear step wise regression, P < 0.001). The present study shows that subclinical vitamin E deficiency (<0.7 mg/L) was widespread in weaner flocks in WA during autumn and that, based on the biochemical data, deficiency was associated with apparent severe muscle damage in 6% of weaner sheep sampled. Recommended strategies to treat weaner sheep showing signs of WMD include dosing with 2000–4000 mg vitamin E either by injection, oral drench or by spraying it onto supplementary grain. The level and frequency of dosing depends upon the severity of the WMD symptoms. Less is known about preventative treatment, but recent evidence suggests that providing weaner sheep with access to saltbush during autumn may prove to be a practically useful strategy. Selenium supplements should also be supplied to weaner and adult sheep in areas known to be selenium deficient.

scholarly journals White muscle disease in three selenium deficient beef and dairy calves in Argentina and Uruguay

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Martín Rodriguez ◽  
Carlos Omar Schild ◽  
Germán José Cantón ◽  
Franklin Riet-Correa ◽  
Joaquín Ignacio Armendano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Calf Mortality

ABSTRACT: White muscle disease (WMD), nutritional myodegeneration or enzootic muscular dystrophy, is a nutritional condition associated with selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency in ruminants. These elements are constituents of the major body antioxidant systems. Depletion of selenium results in oxidative damage to cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, resulting in myodegeneration and myonecrosis, typical lesions of WMD. Selenium deficiency is common in South America, but WMD is underreported. This research describes clinical, biochemical and pathological findings in two episodes of WMD associated with selenium deficiency in beef and dairy calves in Argentina and Uruguay with concurrent copper deficiency in one of them, which resulted in spontaneous calf mortality. Further studies are necessary to estimate the true incidence and economic impact of clinical and subclinical mineral deficiencies in livestock production systems in the southern cone of South America.

Retinol, α-Tocopherol and Vitamin D3 in White MuscleDisease

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6029-2018
Author(s):  
HANDAN MERT ◽  
SERKAN YİLDİRİM ◽  
IBRAHİM HAKKİ YORUK ◽  
KİVANC IRAK ◽  
BAHAT COMBA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins are essential for the health of all living organisms. Vitamins E, A, D and K are known as fat-soluble vitamins, and deprivation of vitamin E causes various disorders, especially in the reproduction and cardiovascular systems and in muscle functions. Vitamin A, on the other hand, has roles in various biological functions – like eyesight – and the growth, reproduction and differentiation of epithelial cells. Vitamin A deficiency leads to the keratinization of the epithelium, and disorders related to the metaplasies of the genital and genitourinary systems. Conversely, vitamin D is defined as a pro-hormone and is responsible for Cahomeostasis, and thus indirectly affects the bone metabolism, bone structure, and cellular and neural functions of Ca. White muscle disease (WMD) can occur in newborn lambs, but is more commonly seen in lambs of up to 3 months of age. In this study, 30 lambs of 3 to 50-days-old from different flocks diagnosed with White Muscle Disease (WMD) were selected as research material, while the control group consisted of 8 healthy lambs. With the aim of clarifying the cause of WMD, serum fat-soluble vitamins, retinol, α-tocopherol and vitamin D3 levels were determined in 16 lambs. Gluteal and heart musclet issue samples also were taken from 30 lambs with WMD. The vitamin levels of the samples were analysed by HPLC. The levels of serum α-tocopherol, retinols, and vitamin D3 were foundto be low in the diseased animals, but only retinol (p<0.001) and α-tocopherol (p<0.0011) level differences were statistically relevant. Macroscopically, Zenker’s necrosis was determined in the heart muscles of 17 lambs, and in the gluteal and chest muscles of 6 lambs. 7 lambs displayed necrosis in both their heart and in gluteal muscles. The samples were analyzed microscopically to reach similar findings: swollen homogeneous pink muscles, pycnotic nuclei, and hyperaemic and haemorrhagic blood vessels in gluteal, chest and heart muscles. Hyaline degeneration and Zenker's necrosis, dystrophic regions in necrotic areas, cc was detected as a severe disease in lambs at an early stage of life with advanced degeneration in different muscle tissues. Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins was also detected in the sick animals. Control group lambs had higher levels of α tocopherol and retinol (p<0.001) compared to the sick lambs. .

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