scholarly journals CO2 footprint for distribution oil immersed transformers according to ISO 14067:2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Vlatka Šerkinić ◽  
Marijana Majić Renjo ◽  
Viktor Ucović
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

In the last few decades, climate change and the global warming have emerged as important environmental issues. The cause of global warming is the increase of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). There are several greenhouse gases responsible for global warming: water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxides, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and others. They are mostly the result of the fossil fuels' combustion in cars, buildings, factories, and power plants. The gas responsible for the most of the global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). This increase in the greenhouse gas emissions leads to a greater interest of the consumers, board management and stakeholders in the environmental impact of their activities, products and services.The verification of the Carbon Footprint of distribution oil immersed transformer, presented in this paper, was recognized as an opportunity for the company to understand its own environmental impact and to identify inefficiencies and opportunities within its business.Carbon Footprint of a Product (CFP) is a rather new term closely related to the greenhouse gas emissions. The CFP is considered as a total of the greenhouse emissions generated during the life cycle of a product – that is, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to a final disposal. It is described within the standard ISO 14067:2018 Carbon footprint of products – Requirements and guidelines for quantification [1]. This standard belongs to the environmental series ISO 14000 and enables the organization to demonstrate its environmental responsibility.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), as well as the Carbon Footprint of products together with environmental impact of the product, are shown in this paper in accordance with standard ISO 14067:2018. The LCA is a method for the quantification of the environmental impacts of individual products. It takes into account a complete life cycle, starting from a raw material production, until the product’s final disposal or materials’ recycling in accordance with ISO 14040 [2] and ISO 14044 [3]. Greenhouse gases are expressed in mass-based CO2 equivalents (CO2e), which is the unit of measurement in the ISO 14067:2018 standard. The functional unit in ISO 14067:2018 can be either a product or a service. In this paper, the functional unit was the product – oil immersed distribution transformer, in four product variations. The LCA scope used in the preparation of this study was "cradle to gate" – it covers the CFP from the acquisition of the raw materials ("cradle") up to dispatch from the factory ("gate").The objectives of product life cycle considerations in Končar D&ST Inc. are to reduce the use of natural resources and emissions to the environment, as well as to improve social performance at different stages of the product life cycle.By linking the economic and ecological dimension of the production, different aspects during realization of product in all phases of the life cycle come together. In this way company achieves cleaner products and processes, competitive advantage in the market and improved platform that will meet the needs of the changing business climate.Lifecycle thinking is based on the principles of reducing environmental impacts at the beginning of product creation, giving a wider picture of material and energy flow and ultimately environmental pollution prevention. These principles are organized in Končar D&ST Inc. internally by planning and introducing cleaner manufacturing processes, environmental protection management and eco-design.Incorporating ISO 14067:2018 into company business is recognized as an opportunity for transparent communication to interested parties, incorporating CO2 emissions into annual reports and as a baseline information for a first step towards managing carbon emissions.

scholarly journals Carbon footprint of selected building structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 1209 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
J Budajová
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In general, we can call the carbon footprint as emissions of gases that affect the Earth’s climate, while being used by humans. The impact of construction, building materials, structures, or the overall life cycle of a building on the environment is great. Sustainable architecture is gaining more prominence, using reduced carbon footprint. Today’s construction industry is increasingly moving towards sustainable construction, which is constantly being formed. The great weather fluctuations that take place from day to day are forcing us to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. The global warming potential GWP (global warming potential) caused by these greenhouse gas emissions is increased to carbon dioxide CO2 and expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent CO2eq. Using GWP we can determine the carbon footprint of a product. The aim of this paper is to change the three compositions of the perimeter walls using LCA analysis (life cycle assessment) and to choose the composition that has the best carbon footprint and is therefore more advantageous. The need for a sustainable built environment is urgent due to its positive impact on the environment.

scholarly journals Study of the viticultural technical itineraries carbon footprint at fine scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 01030
Author(s):  
E. Adoir ◽  
S. Penavayre ◽  
T. Petitjean ◽  
L. De Rességuier
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Life Cycle Approach ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Life Project ◽  
One Year

Viticulture faces two challenges regarding climate change: adapting and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Are these two challenges compatible? This is one of the questions to which Adviclim project (Life project, 2014–2019) provided tools and answers. The assessment of greenhouse gas emissions was implemented at the scale of the plot using a life cycle approach: calculating the carbon footprint. This approach makes it possible to take into account the emissions generated during each stage of the life cycle of a product or a service: in this case, the cultivation of one hectare of vine for one year. Carbon footprint was assessed for the 5 pilot sites of the Adviclim project: Saint-Emilion (France), Coteaux du Layon/Samur (France), Geisenheim (Germany), Cotnari (Romania) and Plompton (United Kingdom). An important work for primary data collection regarding observed practices was carried out with a sample of reresentative farms for these 5 sites, and for one to three vintages depending on the site. Beyond the question asked in the project, the calculation of these carbon footprints made it possible to (i) make winegrowers aware of the life cycle approach and the share of direct emissions generated by viticulture, (ii) acquire new references on the technical itineraries and their associated emissions, (iii) improve the adaptation of the methodology for calculating the carbon footprint to viticulture.

scholarly journals Reducing carbon footprint of inhalers: analysis of climate and clinical implications of different scenarios in five European countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001071
Author(s):  
Daniele Pernigotti ◽  
Carol Stonham ◽  
Sara Panigone ◽  
Federica Sandri ◽  
Rossella Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Scenario Analyses

BackgroundInhaled therapies are key components of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatments. Although the use of pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) accounts for <0.1% of global greenhouse gas emissions, their contribution to global warming has been debated and efforts are underway to reduce the carbon footprint of pMDIs. Our aim was to establish the extent to which different scenarios led to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions associated with inhaler use, and their clinical implications.MethodsWe conducted a series of scenario analyses using asthma and COPD inhaler usage data from 2019 to model carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions reductions over a 10-year period (2020–2030) in the UK, Italy, France, Germany and Spain: switching propellant-driven pMDIs for propellant-free dry-powder inhalers (DPIs)/soft mist inhalers (SMIs); transitioning to low global warming potential (GWP) propellant (hydrofluoroalkane (HFA)-152a) pMDIs; reducing short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) use; and inhaler recycling.ResultsTransition to low-GWP pMDIs and forced switching to DPI/SMIs (excluding SABA inhalers) would reduce annual CO2e emissions by 68%–84% and 64%–71%, respectively, but with different clinical implications. Emission reductions would be greatest (82%–89%) with transition of both maintenance and SABA inhalers to low-GWP propellant. Only minimising SABA inhaler use would reduce CO2e emissions by 17%–48%. Although significant greenhouse gas emission reductions would be achieved with high rates of end-of-life recycling (81%–87% of the inhalers), transition to a low-GWP propellant would still result in greater reductions.ConclusionsWhile the absolute contribution of pMDIs to global warming is very small, substantial reductions in the carbon footprint of pMDIs can be achieved with transition to low-GWP propellant (HFA-152a) inhalers. This approach outperforms the substitution of pMDIs with DPI/SMIs while preserving patient access and choice, which are essential for optimising treatment and outcomes. These findings require confirmation in independent studies.

scholarly journals Environmental life-cycle assessment of waste-coal pellets production

Clean Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 765-778
Author(s):  
Dawid P Hanak
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Power And Energy ◽  
Energy Intensive Industries ◽  
Waste Coal

Abstract Industrial decarbonization is crucial to keeping the global mean temperature &lt;1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Although unabated coal use needs to be phased out, coal is still expected to remain an important source of energy in power and energy-intensive industries until the 2030s. Decades of coal exploration, mining and processing have resulted in ~30 billion tonnes of waste-coal tailings being stored in coal impoundments, posing environmental risks. This study presents an environmental life-cycle assessment of a coal-processing technology to produce coal pellets from the waste coal stored in impoundments. It has been shown that the waste-coal pellets would result in the cradle-to-gate global warming of 1.68–3.50 kgCO2,eq/GJch, depending on the source of electricity used to drive the process. In contrast, the corresponding figure for the supply of conventional coal in the US was estimated to be 12.76 kgCO2,eq/GJch. Such a reduction in the global-warming impact confirms that waste-coal pellets can be a viable source of energy that will reduce the environmental impact of the power and energy-intensive industries in the short term. A considered case study showed that complete substitution of conventional coal with the waste-coal pellets in a steelmaking plant would reduce the greenhouse-gas emissions from 2649.80 to 2439.50 kgCO2,eq/tsteel. This, in turn, would reduce the life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of wind-turbine manufacturing by ≤8.6%. Overall, this study reveals that the use of waste-coal pellets can bring a meaningful reduction in industrial greenhouse-gas emissions, even before these processes are fully decarbonized.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of Flexibility During Peak Hours on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Life Cycle Assessment of Five Targeted National Electricity Grid Mixes

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Munné-Collado ◽  
Fabio Maria Aprà ◽  
Pol Olivella-Rosell ◽  
Roberto Villafáfila-Robles
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Attributional Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Yearly Average

On the path towards the decarbonization of the electricity supply, flexibility and demand response have become key factors to enhance the integration of distributed energy resources, shifting the consumption from peak hours to off-peak hours, optimizing the grid usage and maximizing the share of renewables. Despite the technical viability of flexible services, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has not been proven. Traditionally, emissions are calculated on a yearly average timescale, not providing any information about peak hours’ environmental impact. Furthermore, peak-hours’ environmental impacts are not always greater than on the base load, depending on the resources used for those time periods. This paper formulates a general methodology to assess the potential environmental impact of peak-hourly generation profiles, through attributional life cycle assessment. This methodology was applied to five different countries under the INVADE H2020 Project. Evaluation results demonstrate that countries like Spain and Bulgaria could benefit from implementing demand response activities considering environmental aspects, enhancing potential greenhouse gas reductions by up to 21% in peak hours.

Sustainable Housing Construction to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 1710-1714
Author(s):  
I. Patnaikuni ◽  
Sujeeva Setunge ◽  
M. Himabindu
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Gas Emissions

Global warming is a reality due to the curent level of greenhouse gas emissions globally. Housing construction should take into account factors which contribute to global warming while making the construction affordable in view of the greenhouse gas emissions and the continually increasing energy costs. It is important that housing construction overcomes the irrationality of the current conventional construction method which is not only expensive but has poor thermal performance and ignores the significant environmental impact of high embodied energy of the building process which contributes to the greenhouse gas emissions. Because of this there is a need for developing improved low cost sustainable building techniques. This paper presents an innovative rammed earth core concrete jacket walling system that can provide significant improvements in environmental impact, comfort and cost of both building the house and the cost of operational energy. The construction uses mainly local natural materials with very little high energy processing there by reducing the embodied energy of the construction. Not only using local materials in this construction but also only basic building skills are required for construction workers and therefore the system is ideally suited to rural areas and has potential application to developing countries. This method of construction has better performance in case of earth quakes which saves many lives. The paper presents a discussion of the efficiency of such high thermal mass solutions and describes the construction process.

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