New Physiotherapeutic Approach for Treating Musculoskeletal Impairments: ‘Neuromuscular Control and Reset’ Concept Based on Current Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-82
Author(s):  
Sang-hee Won ◽  
◽  
Duck-won Oh ◽  
Jong-oh Won
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Musculoskeletal Impairments ◽  
Current Paradigm

Functional Anatomy Underlying Pharyngeal Swallowing Mechanics and Swallowing Performance Goals

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-655
Author(s):  
William G. Pearson ◽  
Jacline V. Griffeth ◽  
Alexis M. Ennis
Keyword(s):  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Performance Goals ◽  
Laryngeal Elevation ◽  
Port Closure ◽  
Swallowing Dysfunction ◽  
Hyoid Movement ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing ◽  
Pharyngeal Constriction

Purpose Rehabilitation of pharyngeal swallowing dysfunction requires a thorough understanding of the functional anatomy underlying the performance goals of pharyngeal swallowing. These goals include the safe and efficient transfer of a bolus through the hypopharynx into the esophagus. Penetration or aspiration of a bolus threatens swallowing safety. Bolus residue indicates swallowing inefficiency. Several primary mechanics, or elements of the swallowing mechanism, underlie these performance goals, with some elements contributing to both goals. These primary mechanics include velopharyngeal port closure, hyoid movement, laryngeal elevation, pharyngeal shortening, tongue base retraction, and pharyngeal constriction. Each element of the swallowing mechanism is under neuromuscular control and is therefore, in principle, a potential target for rehabilitation. Secondary mechanics of pharyngeal swallowing, those movements dependent on primary mechanics, include opening the upper esophageal sphincter and epiglottic inversion. Conclusion Understanding the functional anatomy of pharyngeal swallowing underlying swallowing performance goals will facilitate anatomically informed critical thinking in the rehabilitation of pharyngeal swallowing dysfunction.

Safety And Preliminary Efficacy of Magnetic Stimulation of Pelvic Floor with Hifem Technology in Urinary Incontinence

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscle ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Ultrasound Elastography ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Muscle Injuries ◽  
Stimulation Of

Introduction: BTL EMSELLA™ utilizes High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic technology (HIFEM) to cause deep pelvic floor muscles stimulation and restoration of the neuromuscular control. Key effectiveness is based on focused electromagnetic energy, in-depth penetration and stimulation of the entire pelvic floor area. A single BTL EMSELLA™ session brings thousands of supramaximal pelvic floor muscle contractions, which are extremely important in muscle reeducation of incontinent patients. Objective: Prospective study to evaluate the safety and preliminary effectiveness of the use of BTL EMSELLA magnetic stimulation in urinary incontinence. Method: Thirty-two patients with light and moderate urinary incontinence were recruited to perform 6 sessions of BTL EMSELLA during three weeks of initial treatment. Follow-up after three months. The patients received sessions lasting 28 minutes, completing the different treatment protocols. Initially the patients underwent a quality of life test before and after treatment, evaluation with advanced ultrasound using elastography to measure the initial tissue's elasticity and be able to compare after treatment, clinical functional evaluation and urodynamic test. Results: No adverse reactions were observed. All the patients finished the treatment sessions. Two patients reported increased pain after treatment in the first session corresponding to a VAS scale greater than 5 with duration greater than three hours. The treatment was highly satisfactory in 84,4% of the patients. After the first three months the improvement was maintained in 77% of the patients. No muscle injuries were observed. Elastographic changes and improvement of muscle tone were detected by advanced ultrasound (elastography) in 100% of patients. Conclusions: BTL EMSELLA is safe, well tolerated and effective for the treatment of mild and moderate urinary incontinence. The observed elastographic changes demonstrate the improvement of pelvic floor muscle tone after treatment. A reduction in the symptoms of urinary incontinence was demonstrated. Recommendations: Continue increasing the number of cases for research and increase the variables that we have decided to incorporate in the next research section such as MRI and pressure calculation.

Participation of ABCA1 transporter in development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-370
Author(s):  
Stanislav N. Kotlyarov ◽  
Anna A. Kotlyarova
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Reverse Transport ◽  
Current Paradigm

Despite all achievements of the modern medicine, the problem of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) does not lose its relevance. The current paradigm suggests a key role of macrophages in inflammation in COPD. Macrophages are known to be heterogeneous in their functions. This heterogeneity is determined by their immunometabolic profile and also by peculiarities of lipid homeostasis of cells. Aim. To analyze the role of the ABCA1 transporter, a member of the ABC A subfamily, in the pathogenesis of COPD. The expression of ABCA1 in lung tissues is on the second place after the liver, which shows the important role of the carrier and of lipid homeostasis in the function of lungs. Analysis of the literature shows that participation of the transporter in inflammation consists in regulation of the content of cholesterol in the lipid rafts of the membranes, in phagocytosis and apoptosis. Conclusion. Through regulation of the process of reverse transport of cholesterol in macrophages of lungs, ABCA1 can change their inflammatory response, which makes a significant contribution to the pathogenesis of COPD.

Neuromuscular Control of Movement

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
Local Reflex ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
And Control

The control of movement is essential for animals traversing complex environments and operating across a range of speeds and gaits. We consider how animals process sensory information and initiate motor responses, primarily focusing on simple motor responses that involve local reflex pathways of feedback and control, rather than the more complex, longer-term responses that require the broader integration of higher centers within the nervous system. We explore how local circuits facilitate decentralized coordination of locomotor rhythm and examine the fundamentals of sensory receptors located in the muscles, tendons, joints, and at the animal’s body surface. These sensors monitor the animal’s physical environment and the action of its muscles. The sensory information is then carried back to the animal’s nervous system by afferent neurons, providing feedback that is integrated at the level of the spinal cord of vertebrates and sensory-motor ganglia of invertebrates.

Evolution, genetics, and systematics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Ayala ◽  
Camilo J. Cela-Conde
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Synthetic Theory ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection ◽  
Current Paradigm ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

This chapter starts with the general principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection advanced by Darwin and the Mendelian theory of heredity. Next comes consideration of the “new-Darwinian synthesis” or “synthetic theory,” which integrates both precedents into what has become the current paradigm of the life sciences. Molecular evolution and population genetics follow, including epigenetic processes. Next, special models of selection are considered, such as sexual selection and the models that account for altruistic behavior. After the mechanisms of speciation, the main concepts of systematics are explored, which facilitate understanding of different traits. The chapter finally explores the fundamental concepts of taxonomy and the methods from phenetics to cladistics, that makes it possible to evaluate the diversity of organisms and the methods for dating the fossil record.

Knee musculoskeletal impairments and associated pain factors among rice farmers

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1111-1117
Author(s):  
Rungthip Puntumetakul ◽  
Manida Swangnetr Neubert ◽  
Usa Karukunchit ◽  
Orawan Buranruk ◽  
Rose Boucaut
Keyword(s):  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Musculoskeletal Impairments

scholarly journals Modeling the Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Land Use Using a LUTI Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1608
Author(s):  
Rubén Cordera ◽  
Soledad Nogués ◽  
Esther González-González ◽  
José Luis Moura
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Unwanted Effect ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Current Paradigm ◽  
Shed Light

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) can generate major changes in urban systems due to their ability to use road infrastructures more efficiently and shorten trip times. However, there is great uncertainty about these effects and about whether the use of these vehicles will continue to be private, in continuity with the current paradigm, or whether they will become shared (carsharing/ridesharing). In order to try to shed light on these matters, the use of a scenario-based methodology and the evaluation of the scenarios using a land use–transport interaction model (LUTI model TRANSPACE) is proposed. This model allows simulating the impacts that changes in the transport system can generate on the location of households and companies oriented to local demand and accessibility conditions. The obtained results allow us to state that, if AVs would generate a significant increase in the capacity of urban and interurban road infrastructures, the impacts on mobility and on the location of activities could be positive, with a decrease in the distances traveled, trip times, and no evidence of significant urban sprawl processes. However, if these increases in capacity are accompanied by a large augment in the demand for shared journeys by new users (young, elderly) or empty journeys, the positive effects could disappear. Thus, this scenario would imply an increase in trip times, reduced accessibilities, and longer average distances traveled, all of which could cause the unwanted effect of expelling activities from the consolidated urban center.

scholarly journals Neurophysiological changes of brain and spinal cord in individuals with patellofemoral pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e049882
Author(s):  
Jing Nong Liang ◽  
Savanna Budge ◽  
Austin Madriaga ◽  
Kara Meske ◽  
Derrick Nguyenton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain ◽  
Randomised Control Trial ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

IntroductionReduced neuromuscular control due to altered neurophysiological functions of the central nervous system has been suggested to cause movement deficits in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP). However, the underlying neurophysiological measures of brain and spinal cord in this population remain to be poorly understood. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the evidence for altered cortical and spinal cord functions in individuals with PFP.Methods and analysisThe protocol for conducting the review was prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines. We will systematically search the literature that examines cortical and spinal cord functions in individuals with PFP, aged 18–45 years. The studies for cross-sectional, prospective, longitudinal, case–control and randomised control trial designs will be included from the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE and Web of Science. Only studies published in English prior to 1 February 2021 will be included. The risk of bias and quality assessment will be performed using National Institutes of Health’s Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. We will conduct meta-analysis of the data where appropriate. Narrative synthesis will be taken if a meta-analysis is not possible.Ethics and disseminationThis is a systematic review from the existing literature and does not require ethical approval. The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal in the field of rehabilitation medicine, sports/orthopaedic medicine or neurology, regardless of the outcome.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020212128.

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