Carbon Regulation: Options and Challenges for Russia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
Igor Makarov ◽  
Iliya Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Instrument Choice ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Tax Cap

The paper focuses on main economic instruments for greenhouse gas emissions regulation (carbon tax, cap-and-trade, hybrid instruments) and aims at revealing the possible ways of emissions regulation in Russia. The main objective is to identify criteria of instrument choice and develop the framework of optimal instrument design required for establishing national system of greenhouse gas emissions regulation in Russia. First of all, the main outcome of the paper is that the choice of instrument is secondary to the establishment of the quantitative target of emissions reduction: with the current target, the use of any economic instrument is meaningless. Secondly, under current conditions of uncertain economic and technological pathway, critical dependence on energy prices along with institutional underdevelopment of Russia, the optimal system should contain the elements of price regulation. It should also be simple and transparent. Carbon tax is therefore considered to become the possible option, although, being not just the add-on to the fiscal system, but an integral component of largescale low-carbon development strategy of Russia.

scholarly journals IMPORTANCE OF THE CARBON TAX FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR AND REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pekkoiev
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
Low Carbon Development

The article analyzes the current state of the energy sector of Ukraine, identifies key issues that need urgent consideration. Trends in greenhouse gas emissions in Ukraine are analyzed. The urgency of the carbon tax for Ukraine is higher than ever, as we have made a number of climate commitments (the Paris Agreement) to the EU. We strive to follow European values and significantly reduce GHG emissions by 2050. At the same time, Ukraine is focused on low-carbon development, which is reflected in the Low-Carbon Development Strategy until 2050 and the Energy Strategy until 2035. The rational use of carbon taxation can accumulate funds to modernize the energy sector and increase energy efficiency. Using an instrument such as the general equilibrium model for Ukraine, the economic impact of implementing various low-carbon policies to curb global warming at 1.5 and 2 ° C was assessed. The results show that the carbon tax plays an important role in increasing Ukraine's GDP in 2050 by 12-15% in 2050.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF CARBON REGULATION MECHANISMS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-365
Author(s):  
M. M. Balashov
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

The European Commission is currently preparing to implement a new form of carbon regulation a cross-border carbon tax. As conceived by the authors, such a decision will force exporters of goods with a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions during production to improve the environmental friendliness of production and, as a result, to reduce their carbon footprint. In addition, the carbon tax will create a competitive advantage for foreign companies with low greenhouse gas emissions. Such a policy of the European Union can seriously affect the economy of the Russian Federation and Russian companies that are export-oriented. Today, all over the world, more and more importance is attached to environmentally neutral technologies and industries. To keep up with the global trend, as well as to maintain the level of competitiveness, the Russian economy needs to adapt. The speed and efficiency of adaptation directly depend on system solutions both at the state level (development of the necessary regulatory legal acts and standards for reporting and disclosure of information) and at the level of enterprises most sensitive to carbon regulation (audit of the carbon footprint, modernization of production facilities, responsible approach to neutralization carbon footprint). The purpose of this work is to study the impact of carbon regulation mechanisms on the development of industry in the Russian Federation, in accordance with it, the following tasks are formed: to describe the mechanisms of carbon regulation, to assess the economic impact on the domestic industry, to consider world practices of confirming the carbon footprint, to identify threats to implementation of the national program “International cooperation and export” from the introduction of carbon regulation.

Low-Carbon Russia: Prospects after the Crisis

2009 ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bashmakov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Scenario Approach

On the eve of the worldwide negotiations of a new climate agreement in December 2009 in Copenhagen it is important to clearly understand what Russia can do to mitigate energy-related greenhouse gas emissions in the medium (until 2020) and in the long term (until 2050). The paper investigates this issue using modeling tools and scenario approach. It concludes that transition to the "Low-Carbon Russia" scenarios must be accomplished in 2020—2030 or sooner, not only to mitigate emissions, but to block potential energy shortages and its costliness which can hinder economic growth.

scholarly journals Prospects for land-use sustainability on the agricultural frontier of the Brazilian Amazon

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1619) ◽  
pp. 20120171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian L. Galford ◽  
Britaldo Soares-Filho ◽  
Carlos E. P. Cerri
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
State Government ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

The Brazilian Amazon frontier shows how remarkable leadership can work towards increased agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability without new greenhouse gas emissions. This is due to initiatives among various stakeholders, including national and state government and agents, farmers, consumers, funding agencies and non-governmental organizations. Change has come both from bottom-up and top-down actions of these stakeholders, providing leadership, financing and monitoring to foster environmental sustainability and agricultural growth. Goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land-cover and land-use change in Brazil are being achieved through a multi-tiered approach that includes policies to reduce deforestation and initiatives for forest restoration, as well as increased and diversified agricultural production, intensified ranching and innovations in agricultural management. Here, we address opportunities for the Brazilian Amazon in working towards low-carbon rural development and environmentally sustainable landscapes.

scholarly journals The contribution of carbon pricing to sustainable mining

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sam Meng ◽  
Mahinda Siriwardana ◽  
Judith McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Flexible Exchange Rate ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Cent Decrease

Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are essential to reducing the rate and scale of anthropogenic climate change to levels that can sustain the planet’s biosphere. A carbon tax is a policy measure that is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the prices of the highest carbon-polluting goods and services in an economy, thus encouraging substitution towards resultant relatively cheaper and less-polluting goods where possible. When Australia introduced such a tax in 2012, there was a fear that it could threaten the resources boom, considered the engine of Australian economic growth in recent years. By employing a computable general equilibrium model and an environmentally-extended Social Accounting Matrix, this paper demonstrates the effects of a carbon tax on the resources sector. The modelled results show that, in a flexible exchange rate regime, all resources within the sector will be affected negatively but to different degrees. The brown coal sector will be the hardest hit, with a 25.74 per cent decrease in output, 52.94 per cent decrease in employment and 89.37 per cent decrease in profitability. However, other resources in the sector would be only mildly affected. From the point of view of sustainability, the most significant results are that, under the carbon tax, the resources sector contributes considerably to the carbon emission reduction target of Australia. Given that brown coal accounts for only a small portion of the resources sector, it is reasonable to suggest that a carbon tax would not significantly affect the overall performance of the sector.

scholarly journals Exploring Carbon Pricing in Developing Countries: A Macroeconomic Analysis in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4395
Author(s):  
Andualem Telaye Mengistu ◽  
Pablo Benitez ◽  
Seneshaw Tamru ◽  
Haileselassie Medhin ◽  
Michael Toman
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Revenue Recycling ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Tax Reduction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Petroleum Fuels

This study uses a Computable General Equilibrium model to analyze policy scenarios for a carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum fuels and kerosene in Ethiopia. The carbon tax starts at $5 per ton of carbon dioxide in 2018 and rises to $30 per ton in 2030; these rates are translated into taxes on the different energy types covered, depending on their carbon contents. Different scenarios examine the impacts with revenue recycling through a uniform sales tax reduction, reduction of labor income tax, reduction of business income tax, direct transfer back to households, and use by the government to reduce debt. Because petroleum fuels and kerosene are a relatively small part of the Ethiopian economy, the carbon tax has small impacts on overall economic activity and greenhouse gas emissions. In proportional terms, however, the impact on greenhouse gas emissions from these energy sources is notable, depending on the recycling scenario. The assumed carbon tax trajectory also can raise significant revenue—up to $800 million per year by 2030. The impacts on the poor through increased cost of living are not that large, since the share of the poor in total use of the taxed energy types is small. In terms of induced income effects through employment changes, urban households tend to experience more impacts than rural households, but the results also depend on the household skill level and the revenue recycling scenario.

scholarly journals Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning for Aluminum Products

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2753
Author(s):  
Rok Gomilšek ◽  
Lidija Čuček ◽  
Marko Homšak ◽  
Raymond R. Tan ◽  
Zdravko Kravanja
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Energy Planning ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions

The production of primary aluminum is an energy-intensive industry which produces large amounts of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, especially from electricity consumption. Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning proved to be an efficient tool for reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on energy planning constrained by CO2 emissions and determines the required amount of CO2 emissions from electricity sources in order to meet specified CO2 emission benchmark. The study is demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, aluminum slugs and aluminum evaporator panels. Three different approaches of energy planning are considered: (i) an insight-based, graphical targeting approach, (ii) an algebraic targeting approach of cascade analysis, and (iii) an optimization-based approach, using a transportation model. The results of the three approaches show that approximately 2.15 MWh of fossil energy source should be replaced with a zero-carbon or 2.22 MWh with a low-carbon energy source to satisfy the benchmark of CO2 emissions to produce 1 t of aluminum slug; however, this substitution results in higher costs. This study is the first of its kind demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, and represents a step forward in the development of more sustainable practices in this field.

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