scholarly journals HAS THE COVID-19 CRISIS PUT PLANNING BACK ON THE AGENDA?

2021 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-273
Author(s):  
J. Sapir­ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
War Economy ◽  
Flexible Mode ◽  
To Come ◽  
Post War ◽  
Von Mises

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the emergence of an unforeseen event with far-reaching consequences. This surprise invalidated the traditional results of economic calculation and made the act of political decision-making emerge as central as the markets proved incapable of handling this type of event. In such a situation, the political decision turns out to be more effective than economic calculation. This is also the case with heuristic decision-making because it becomes impossible to calculate in advance the consequences of the unforeseeable event. In this situation, O. Neurath had shown in the debate with L. von Mises and F.A. Hayek that planning could be an effective alternative to a market. J.E. Stiglitz has stressed the risk of market failures too. It is therefore now clear that the health crisis has revived the issue of planning. The fear of a recurrence of such a pandemic will permanently shape economic behaviour in the years to come. We find empirical applications both in the case of war economies during the two world conflicts and in the Japanese or French post-war economy. Conscious and organized consultation, which can then take the form of a flexible mode of planning such as what was practiced in post-war France or in Japan by the MITI, can then - as Claude Gruson shows - prove to be a procedure that is not only effective but empirically efficient in the face of uncertainty and the inability of the market to manage information effectively.

scholarly journals Women’s Participation and Personal Status Issues in Post-War Lebanon

1970 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Nisrine Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Personal Status ◽  
Post War ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
Political Decision Making

Women’s participation in current debate has been widely used and disseminated through various international developmentand women’s rights forums alike. In the most common and recently used sense, women’s participation means actively involving women in decision-making.1 Transferred to the Lebanese context, the concept has been largely interpreted by state and non-state actors as formal political decision- making and less so as participation in fighting for personal status rights both at the levels of the family or social groups mobilization.

scholarly journals Political Decision Making in the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Germany from the Perspective of Risk Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
Frank Daumann ◽  
Florian Follert ◽  
Werner Gleißner ◽  
Endre Kamarás ◽  
Chantal Naumann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Political Decision Making

The COVID-19 pandemic is permanently changing modern social and economic coexistence. Most governments have declared infection control to be their top priority while citizens face great restrictions on their civil rights. A pandemic is an exemplary scenario in which political actors must decide about future, and thus uncertain, events. This paper tries to present a tool well established in the field of entrepreneurial and management decision making which could also be a first benchmark for political decisions. Our approach builds on the standard epidemiological SEIR model in combination with simulation techniques used in risk management. By our case study we want to demonstrate the opportunities that risk management techniques, especially risk analyses using Monte Carlo simulation, can provide to policy makers in general, and in a public health crisis in particular. Hence, our case study can be used as a framework for political decision making under incomplete information and uncertainty. Overall, we want to point out that a health policy that aims to provide comprehensive protection against infection should also be based on economic criteria. This is without prejudice to the integration of ethical considerations in the final political decision.

Uncertainty, Administrative Decision-Making and Judicial Review: The Courts’ Perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Fabrizio CAFAGGI ◽  
Paola IAMICELI
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
The Core ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
To Come

The role of courts has been rather significant in the COVID-19 pandemic, weakening the theory that the judiciary is not equipped to contribute to governing crisis management. Although differences exist across countries, depending on institutional varieties and political contexts, the analysis shows that, even in times of emergency, courts can provide the necessary balance to the power shift towards the executives. Both action and inaction affecting fundamental rights have been scrutinised, taking into account fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. Deference to political decision-making has varied across jurisdictions and across the multiple phases of the health crisis. Differences in the balancing have emerged compared to during ordinary times. Uncertainty has played a major role, calling for new strategies in regulatory, administrative and judicial decision-making and new balances between precaution and evidence-based approaches. The role of scientific evidence has been at the core of judicial review to ensure transparency and procedural accountability. Proportionality and reasonableness with multiple conceptual variants across countries have been used to scrutinise the legality of measures. Courts are likely to continue playing a significant but different role in the years to come, when liability issues and recovery measures will likely become the core of litigation.

Wegvoeringen en weggevoerden tijdens de meidagen van 1940

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-259
Author(s):  
Etienne Verhoeyen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
The Political ◽  
Extreme Right ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Belgian Society ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Risky Business ◽  
Political Decision Making

Met dit boek levert Frank Seberechts een nagenoeg volledige studie af van een van de minder fraai kanten van de Belgische samenleving in 1940: de administratieve arrestatie en de wegvoering naar Frankrijk van enkele duizenden personen (de ‘verdachten’), Belgen of in België verblijvende vreemdelingen. De extreem-rechtse en pro-Duitse arrestanten hebben na hun vrijlating dit feit politiek in hun voordeel uitgebaat, waardoor volledig in de schaduw kwam te staan dat de overgrote meerderheid van de weggevoerden joodse mensen waren die in de jaren voor de oorlog naar België waren gevlucht. Dat het beeld van de wegvoeringen niet volledig is, is grotendeels te wijten aan het feit dat de meeste archieven die hierop betrekking hebben tijdens de meidagen van 1940 vernietigd werden. Met name de politieke besluitvorming over de wegvoeringen vertoont nog steeds schemerzones, zodat het vastleggen van verantwoordelijkheden ook vandaag nog een gewaagde onderneming is.________Deportations and the deported during the Maydays in 1940 By means of this book Frank Seberechts provides an almost complete study of one of the less admirable sides of Belgian society in 1940: the administrative arrest and the deportation to France of some thousands of people (‘the suspects’), Belgians or foreigners residing in Belgium. The extreme-right and pro-German detainees politically exploited this fact after they had been freed, but this completely overshadowed the point that the large majority of the deported people were Jews who had fled to Belgium during the years preceding the war. This incomplete portrayal of the deportations is mainly due to the fact that most of the archives relating to the events had been destroyed during the Maydays of 1940. The history of the political decision-making about the deportations in particular still shows many grey areas and it is therefore still a risky business even today to determine which people should be held accountable.

scholarly journals A survey of methods for evaluating mini-publics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeuchi Ayano
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Decision Making

AbstractPublic participation has become increasingly necessary to connect a wide range of knowledge and various values to agenda setting, decision-making and policymaking. In this context, deliberative democratic concepts, especially “mini-publics,” are gaining attention. Generally, mini-publics are conducted with randomly selected lay citizens who provide sufficient information to deliberate on issues and form final recommendations. Evaluations are conducted by practitioner researchers and independent researchers, but the results are not standardized. In this study, a systematic review of existing research regarding practices and outcomes of mini-publics was conducted. To analyze 29 papers, the evaluation methodologies were divided into 4 categories of a matrix between the evaluator and evaluated data. The evaluated cases mainly focused on the following two points: (1) how to maintain deliberation quality, and (2) the feasibility of mini-publics. To create a new path to the political decision-making process through mini-publics, it must be demonstrated that mini-publics can contribute to the decision-making process and good-quality deliberations are of concern to policy-makers and experts. Mini-publics are feasible if they can contribute to the political decision-making process and practitioners can evaluate and understand the advantages of mini-publics for each case. For future research, it is important to combine practical case studies and academic research, because few studies have been evaluated by independent researchers.

Angling for Influence: Institutional Proliferation in Development Banking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Multilateral Development Banks ◽  
Institutional Control ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Identification Strategy

Abstract Why do states build new international organizations (IOs) in issue areas where many institutions already exist? Prevailing theories of institutional creation emphasize their ability to resolve market failures, but adding new IOs can increase uncertainty and rule inconsistency. I argue that institutional proliferation occurs when existing IOs fail to adapt to shifts in state power. Member states expect decision-making rules to reflect their underlying power; when it does not, they demand greater influence in the organization. Subsequent bargaining over the redistribution of IO influence often fails due to credibility and information problems. As a result, under-represented states construct new organizations that provide them with greater institutional control. To test this argument, I examine the proliferation of multilateral development banks since 1944. I leverage a novel identification strategy rooted in the allocation of World Bank votes at Bretton Woods to show that the probability of institutional proliferation is higher when power is misaligned in existing institutions. My results suggest that conflict over shifts in global power contribute to the fragmentation of global governance.

scholarly journals Forecasting Global Developments and Challenges in Olive Oil Supply and Demand: A Delphi Survey from Spain

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Samir Mili ◽  
Maria Bouhaddane
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Future Supply ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
To Come

Forecasting future supply and demand is a topical subject in the olive oil sector due to its relevance for decision making and the lack of comprehensive and consensual estimates at the global level. This study aims at overcoming this gap in research by providing a foresight of global supply and demand for olive oil for the years to come. We use the Delphi technique to estimate the expected annual growth rates in the olive oil production and consumption worldwide as well as their likely impact on Spanish exports by 2025. Another key objective of the study is to elicit expert judgements on the factors that are likely to shape the predicted changes as well as the international challenges ahead. Results suggest substantial future increases in production in new-producing countries, in parallel with a slower growth in the European traditional suppliers whose focus will increasingly be placed on quality and sustainability rather than quantity. In addition, a significant growth in the world’s demand for olive oil is expected in non-traditional markets, which will be driven by greater awareness of the positive health and sustainability attributes of this product, jointly with the changes in lifestyles and rising incomes of several consumer segments. These emerging markets offer promising prospects for the international expansion of olive oil companies. Future international challenges facing the olive oil industry include new market entry, worldwide product promotion, quality standards’ harmonization, enacting trade facilitation schemes, and dealing with the COVID-19 impacts. Findings improve market predictability and transparency, and ultimately support decision-making and strategic planning in the olive oil sector.

scholarly journals Resource allocation in the Covid-19 health crisis: are Covid-19 preventive measures consistent with the Rule of Rescue?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian W. März ◽  
Søren Holm ◽  
Michael Schlander
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Rule Of Rescue ◽  
Post War ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
N95 Respirators

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic has led to a health crisis of a scale unprecedented in post-war Europe. In response, a large amount of healthcare resources have been redirected to Covid-19 preventive measures, for instance population-wide vaccination campaigns, large-scale SARS-CoV-2 testing, and the large-scale distribution of protective equipment (e.g., N95 respirators) to high-risk groups and hospitals and nursing homes. Despite the importance of these measures in epidemiological and economic terms, health economists and medical ethicists have been relatively silent about the ethical rationales underlying the large-scale allocation of healthcare resources to these measures. The present paper seeks to encourage this debate by demonstrating how the resource allocation to Covid-19 preventive measures can be understood through the paradigm of the Rule of Rescue, without claiming that the Rule of Rescue is the sole rationale of resource allocation in the Covid-19 pandemic.

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