The Godwinian Critic

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-70
Author(s):  
Philipp Hunnekuhl
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Jonathan Swift ◽  
Ann Radcliffe ◽  
Political Justice ◽  
Draft Article ◽  
Philosophy Of Love ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Theory Of Literature

Chapter two discloses how Robinson’s in-depth study of William Godwin’s Political Justice prompted his first theory of literature, published in a mid-1795 article in Benjamin Flower’s radical Cambridge Intelligencer. According to this theory, Godwin’s necessitarian philosophy had succeeded in situating truth in the moral concerns that a poet raises. Where an author’s imagination proves compatible with the laws of necessity, literature may exert a direct didactic influence on the motives governing the mind, and thus promote disinterested benevolence. Godwinism qua ‘New Philosophy of Love’, it emerges further from Robinson’s hitherto unknown draft article ‘on novels’ (1798) that he intended for John Aikin’s radical Monthly Magazine but never submitted, pervades Robinson’s formal and informal literary criticism prior to his turn to Kant. Robinson’s Godwinian criticism already comprised comparative elements, discussing, for instance, novels by Godwin himself, Thomas Holcroft, Ann Radcliffe, Jonathan Swift, Voltaire, and Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, among many more.

scholarly journals The Employment of Metaphor and Simile in Selected Siswati Poetry

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Jozi Joseph Thwala
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Connotative Meaning ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Poetic Diction ◽  
The Senses ◽  
The Mind

The focus of this research work on selected descriptive of images refers to the analytic survey of metaphor and simile. They are selected, defined, explained and interpreted. Their significances in bringing about poetic diction, licence, meaning, message and themes are highlighted. They are fundamental figures of speech that implicitly and explicitly display the emotive value, connotative meaning, literariness and language skills. The poetic images reflect and represent real life situations through poetic skills and meanings. The literary criticism, comparative and textual analysis is evident when the objects are looked at from animate to inanimate and inanimate to animate. They serve as basic methodologies that are backing the theories and strategies on selected figures of speech. Imagery is the use of words that brings picture of the mind of the receiver or recipient and appeal to the senses. It is, however, manifested in various forms for resemblances, contrasts and comparisons. Artistic language through images revealed poetic views, assertion and facts.

scholarly journals التناص القرآني في رواية اللص والكلاب لنجيب محفوظ (Quranic Intertextuality in the Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb Novel written by Najīb Mahfūẓ)

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
نعيم عموري (Naiem Amouri) ◽  
خليل پرويني (Khalil Sarwayne) ◽  
كبرا روشنفكر (Capra Rochnevkr) ◽  
علي گنجيان خناري (Ali Kangjian Khanari)
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Classical Arabic ◽  
Religious Personality

ملخص البحث:النقد الأدبي علم حيّ ومتطور بتطور المجتمع والأفکار، وهو ذو صلة بالعلوم الإنسانية الأخری ولهذا له إفرازات عدّة، منها نظرية التناص التي لها مفاهيم قريبة في  النقد الأدبي العربي القديم؛ من إقتباس وسرقة أدبية وتضمين، إلاّ انّ التناص ممهد له ومقصود ولا يأتي عفو الخاطر. للتناص أنواع عدّة ومن أبرزها التناص القرآني الذي استخدمه  نجيب محفوظ في رواياته وقد کشفنا عنه في رواية (اللص والکلاب) محاولين إظهار أثر القرآن الكريم في هذه الرواية عبر التناص  الخارجي والداخلي، فيما يجول بخاطر الکاتب في روايته هذه، ونحاول کشف ماوراء هذا التناص القرآني من تلميحات وإشارات ورموز حتی نصل إلی المفاهيم الماورائية للتانص القرآني في هذه الرواية، ومن نتائج الدراسة أن نجيب محفوظ كان يهتم كثيرا بالدين والشخصية الدينية، وكثرة الرمز والتصوف في روايته وبروز القرآن الكريم في روايته.الكلمات المفتاحية: التناص القرآني- التناص الخارجي والداخلي- اللص والکلاب- نجيب محفوظ- التأثر.Abstract:Literary Criticism is living branch of knowledge that is developing with the progress of thought and society. It is related to other branches of human sciences and this is why it has various other off shoots of which is the theory of intertextuality with the concepts that are close to classical Arabic literary criticism such as adaptation, plagiarism and modulation. Intertextuality is something which is paved for and deliberate, thus it does not come about by the spontaneity of the impluses. There are different types of intertextuality of which the Quranic intertextuality is among the most stand out among these types. It has been used by Najīb Mahfūẓ in his novels. We have managed to uncover this aspect in his Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb novel by pointing out the influence of Quranic intertextuality in this particular novel through the internal and external intertextuality including what comes to the mind of the writer. We would also try to uncover the implied meanings, signs and symbols until we are able to arrive at the metaphysical concepts of Quranic intertextuality in this novel. The study concluded that Najīb Mahfūẓ was a writer who is concerned with religion and the religious personality in addition to his concerned in using symbols, Sufism and the Quran itself in his novel.Keywords: Quranic Intertextuality– External/Internal Intertextuality– Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb– Najīb Mahfūẓ– Influence. Abstrak: Kritikan sastera ialah cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang hidup dan membangun selari dengan kemajuan berfikir dan pembangunan masyarakat. Ia berkaitan dengan sains-sains kemanusiaan lain dan ini adalah mengapa ia mempunyai pengaruh dalam pelbagai bidang lain yang antaranya ialah teori intertekstualiti yang turut mempunyai konsep-konsep yang hampir dengan kupasan kritikan sastera Arab klasik seperti penyesuaian, plagiarisme dan modulasi. Intertekstualiti adalah sesuatu yang lahir dengan sengaja kerana ia tidak berlaku rentetan kespontanan tindak balas. Terdapat jenis-jenis intertekstualiti yang berbeza di mana ciri intertekstualiti dalam Al-Quran ialah antara yang paling menonjol di antara jenis-jenis ini. Ia telah turut digunakan oleh Najīb Mahfūẓ dalam novel-novelnya. Kami telah berjaya menemukan aspek ini dalam novelnya: Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb dengan menjelaskan pengaruh intertekstualiti Quran dalam novel tersebut melalui intertekstualiti yang berbentuk dalaman dan luaran termasuk juga apa terlintas bagi fikiran penulisnya. Kami juga telah berusaha untuk mendedahkan makna-makna yang tersirat, tanda-tanda dan juga simbol-simbol tertentu sehinggalah kami mampu sampai kepada konsep-konsep metafizikal intertekstualiti di dalam novel tersebut. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa Najīb Mahfūẓ merupakan seorang penulis yang mempunyai kesan keagamaan yang mendalalam dalam hasil kerjanya. Dia juga mempunyai personality yang cenderung kepada keagamaan sebagaimana yang terlihat dalam penggunaan simbol-simbol, aspek Sufisme dan Al-Quran itu sendiri sendiri di dalam novelnya.Kata kunci: Intertekstualiti Al-Quran– Luaran/Dalaman– Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb– Pengaruh.

3. The James brand

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Susan L. Mizruchi
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Henry James ◽  
Portrait Of A Lady ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Mind ◽  
International Novels

‘The James brand’ examines how, during the period when he was introducing his brand to an Anglo-American public, Henry James honed his signature subject: plotting the fates of Americans abroad. If James was not the inventor of the international novel, he was certainly one of its most important proponents and developers. The first of James’s international novels, The American (1877), focuses on the mind of a woman; Portrait of a Lady (1881) reveals it to be an ideal register for the deep psychological transformations that became his trademark. James also wrote a major essay on literary criticism during this period, “The Art of Fiction” (1884).

II. Comparison

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
The West ◽  
Apollonius Rhodius ◽  
Whole School ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Transfer Problems ◽  
Folk Poetry

Casual judgements on Homer, and even those less casual, are often in a sense comparative, because the mind is illumined, or fogged, by contemporary prejudices. Blind ourselves, we laugh at Xenophanes who denounced the theologian Homer, and Plato who found fault with the moralist. The disease was diagnosed and the cure prescribed over 80 years ago by the Russian, A. N. Veselovsky: ‘The scholars of the West, who know very little about modern epic poetry, involuntarily transfer problems of purely literary criticism to the folk-poetry of the ancients. This is the usual fault of all the criticism of the Nibelungenlied and part of that of Homer. ... It is absolutely necessary to take as a starting-point the living epos, whose structure and stages of development must be carefully investigated.’ The comparison of one literature with another sheds light on both in various ways. It may be simply a matter of bringing a better balance to the judgement. Thus the long tradition of Homeric scholarship has made us well aware of the flaws in the Homeric plots. A whole school of criticism has rested on the assumption that the construction is incompetent. For such an attitude I know no better remedy than a reading of the paratactic, anticlimactic Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius. Both Homeric epics are intensely dramatic and very cunningly put together.

The Mind and Art of Jonathan Swift.

1938 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
E. Pons ◽  
Ricardo Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Jonathan Swift ◽  
The Mind

Freud on Shakespeare

PMLA ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman N. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Oedipus Complex ◽  
Juvenile Delinquent ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Main Study ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Popular Image

Freud's discovery of the unconscious at the end of the nineteenth century bids fair to be the defining factor in the intellectual life of the twentieth. Already, Freud's ideas seem to have touched everyone from the juvenile delinquent on the corner to the scholar in his study. Biography, history, literary criticism, and, not least, the study of Shakespeare, psychoanalysis has affected them all. Hamlet's Oedipus complex (thanks to Sir Laurence Olivier's film) has become as conspicuous a feature in the popular image of Shakespeare as the controversy about authorship. Freud was a psychologist, however, not a critic, and his remarks about Shakespeare, like all his literary comments, were only incidental to his main study, the mind of man. As a result, his Shakespearian insights are scattered through his works. No one, so far as I know, has clearly established just exactly what Freud said about Shakespeare or where he said it. The purpose of this article is to answer those two questions, that is, to set out in systematic form Freud's comments on, references to, and quotations from Shakespeare, and second, to provide via the footnotes a bibliography for them. I have summarized Freud's remarks in the following order: first, his remarks on Shakespeare generally; second, his views on authorship; third, the points he makes about particular plays and poems (arranged alphabetically). Within these large divisions, references are arranged in order of generality, larger topics first. Topics of equal generality within a given work are put in the order in which they appear in the work. Where Freud made more than one reference to a topic (e.g., a particular character or quotation), the references are arranged chronologically according to the time Freud made them (which may or may not coincide with the order of publication).

scholarly journals An Analysis on the Pursuit of Happiness in The Lord of the Rings

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1676-1683
Author(s):  
Lili Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Pursuit Of Happiness ◽  
Common People ◽  
Lord Of The Rings ◽  
Peter Jackson ◽  
Archetypal Criticism ◽  
Psychoanalytic Interpretation ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

Since The Lord of the Rings was adapted by Peter Jackson into trilogy film in 2001-03, it has astounded its critics and gratified its fans and students. Many critical journals or graduation papers have also talked about this massive novel. After doing a lot of reading concerning these reviews, it’s clear that most of them analyze this work using psychoanalytical criticism; myth and archetypal criticism; cultural studies, and recently ecocriticism. Among these theories, psychoanalytic interpretation mainly focuses on Freud’s key ideas, namely the id; ego; and superego. According to Freud’s theory that: “Psychoanalytic literary criticism is not simply about interpreting a text’s protagonists. It also seeks to relate the text to the mind of its author.”(Berg, 2003, p.84). In this circumstance, this paper will probably dig some new insights by using this theory. The paper will follow the protagonist’s inner mind through employing Freud’s some key ideas, such as repression and projection. Based upon psychoanalytic analysis of the protagonists, this paper tries to argue that the three Hobbits can acquire happiness as long as they deal properly with the relationship between themselves and the society. In other words, common people can also push the wheel of history as long as they code well with themselves and the society.

scholarly journals SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LITERARY TERMS BY LITERARY TYPES IN “THE CONCISE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF LITERATURE TERMS”

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-138
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Dramatic Works ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Oxford Dictionary ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
The Given ◽  
Theory Of Literature

The scientific research shows that literary terms in the Germanic languages were not studied uniformly. Literary terms, which were the subject of our research, have hardly been studied in the Slavic, Roman and Germanic languages. Objectives and methods: Therefore, it is relevant to study the terms of philosophy, culture and spirituality, ethics, aesthetics, religion, linguistics and especially literary criticism. The degree of study and significance of literary terms are carried out in the given article. The article also gives information about the dictionary of Chris Baldick –The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms and the significant aspects of literary terms. Terms belonged to the theory of literature, its history, process and dramatic works are discussed. Epic, lyric and dramatic terms of literary genres were analyzed by thematic groups and the author's opinion on the interpretation of terms is expressed and explained in the article. Results: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of literary terms by Chris Baldick contains 1060 literary terms. These terms were divided into semantic groups according to literary types. Literary terms were grouped into epic, lyrical, and dramatic literary types. Literary terms in the dictionary were originally classified and studied in three main groups of literary type: prose, poetry, and drama. Conclusions: In the course of the research, it was noticed that there are some terms which can be included into both lyric and epic, or epic and dramatic, or to all three literary types. In addition, despite the existence of literary terms in the dictionary, there were also terms that did not belong to any literary type or genre and expressed general concepts in the literature that were also studied in a separate group. In the dictionary, we have analyzed the semantic groups included 142 epic, 329 lyrical, 110 dramatic, 330 terms belong to all three literary types and 149 terms that are not included in any literary type, which were further studied in small groups during our study.

Madness and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare. A Review Article

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Herold
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Historical Specificity ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Inside Out

Duncan Salkeld's study of madness in the age of Shakespeare is conceived of as being against the grain of both traditional literary criticism and historiography. Noting that the critical contemplation of the inner life of Shakespearean character has been central (as far back as Coleridge) to previous approaches to the study of madness in Shakespeare, Salkeld argues instead that the “inner worlds of the mind of Shakespearean characterization are largely represented by external appearance, in language describing corporeal states.” Thus, the towering constructs of personality in Lear and Hamlet, for example, are turned inside out when critical attention is focused on the “materiality” of madness and its forms. This privileging of “external appearance” and “corporeality” over the imagined inner life of character is licensed by Salkeld's thesis that personal crises in the dramatic lives of Shakespeare's tragic heroes and heroines must invariably be read qua political crisis. The author writes that any “discussion of the internal life of a character then becomes a second order issue, and considerably more problematic when the historical specificity of these conditions is addressed” (p. 2).

The Mind and Art of Jonathan Swift. Ricardo Quintana , Jonathan Swift

1937 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-204
Author(s):  
Louis A. Landa
Keyword(s):  
Jonathan Swift ◽  
The Mind
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