scholarly journals Genotypic and phenotypic features of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated in industrialized and developing countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Santona ◽  
Nicia Diaz ◽  
Pier Luigi Fiori ◽  
Moises Francisco ◽  
Mohsin Sidat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Atypical Epec ◽  
Typical Epec ◽  
Sub Saharan

Introduction: Typical EPEC are considered a leading cause of diarrhoea in developing countries, while atypical EPEC have been isolated more frequently in developed areas. The actual geographic distribution of the two EPEC subgroups is controversial, since data can be highly influenced by laboratory resources. This study aimed to compare the distribution of typical and atypical EPEC among children in developed and developing countries, and to characterize the bacterial isolates, using a unique methodological approach. Methodology: A total of 1,049 E. coli were isolated from faeces of children with acute diarrhoea in Mozambique, Angola and Italy, and processed by PCR to assess the presence of a large panel of virulence genes. All isolates classified as EPEC were further characterized by evaluating adherence and capability to induce actin rearrangement on Hep-2 cells. Results: Overall we isolated 59 EPEC, likewise distributed in the three countries, representing the 5.04%, 4.44% and 6.97% of all Mozambican, Angolan and Italian isolates, respectively. Nevertheless, the geographic distribution of the two EPEC subgroups was not homogeneous: in Italy we isolated 28 aEPEC but no tEPEC, while in Angola and Mozambique the percentage of the two subgroups was comparable. Twelve atypical EPEC were FAS positive and able to induce localized-like adherence on Hep-2 cells, but no correlation with the geographic origin of isolates was observed. Conclusion: Atypical EPEC are present in sub-Saharan areas in a percentage similar to that of typical strains, and are not mainly restricted to industrialized countries, as it was previously supposed.

scholarly journals Detection of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Iranian children with and without diarrhoea

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1159-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yousef Alikhani ◽  
Akbar Mirsalehian ◽  
M. Mehdi Aslani
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Atypical Epec ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Typical Epec ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Iranian Children

The present study was performed to investigate the contribution of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) as a cause of infectious diarrhoea among children less than 10 years old in Iran. During the summer months, 247 specimens from children with diarrhoea and 1108 from asymptomatic children were analysed for the presence of EPEC and other bacterial pathogens. Potential enteric pathogens were identified in 140 cases of children with diarrhoea (56.7 %). EPEC was the most frequently identified agent (111 cases), followed by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (13), Shigella (9), Salmonella (6) and Aeromonas sp. (1). EPEC isolates were examined for the presence of eaeA, bfpA and stx genes by PCR. EPEC isolates were classified as typical (eaeA + bfpA +) or atypical (eaeA + bfpA −). Typical EPEC was diagnosed in 35 cases (11.8 %), compared with 8 (0.4 %) in the asymptomatic group (P<0.05). Atypical EPEC strains were isolated from 23 cases (9.3 %), compared with 13 (1.2 %) of the healthy control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the data suggest that typical and atypical EPEC are an important cause of diarrhoea in Iranian children.

scholarly journals Molecular diagnosis of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from Psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisângela S. Lopes ◽  
William C. Maciel ◽  
Pedro Henrique Q.S. Medeiros ◽  
Mariana D. Bona ◽  
Alexandre H. Bindá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cloacal Swab ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Atypical Epec ◽  
Illegal Wildlife Trade ◽  
Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Typical Epec ◽  
Polymerase Chain

ABSTRACT: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are considered one of the major causes of human diarrhea in developing countries. Some studies have pointed wild birds as important reservoirs for these pathogens. However, scarce species from the Psittaciformes order have been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of DEC strains in Psittaciformes from illegal wildlife trade. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from cloacal swab samples of 167 Psittaciformes in the Ceará State, Brazil, were evaluated regarding the presence of the following DEC virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR): eaeA and bfpA genes (Enteropathogenic E. coli - EPEC); stx1 and stx2 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli - STEC); estA and eltB (Enterotoxigenic E. coli - ETEC); ipaH (Enteroinvasive E. coli - EIEC); aatA and aaiC (Enteroaggregative E. coli - EAEC). Positive strains for eaeA and bfpA genes were considered typical EPEC, while strain positive exclusively for the eaeA gene were classified as atypical EPEC. The eaeA gene was identified in 20 E. coli strains and bfpA in 22 isolates. In addition, 11 and 9 belonged to tEPEC and aEPEC, respectively. No strain was positive for stx1 or stx2. A total of 47 (60.3%) strains and a total of 136 birds (81.4%) were negative for the remaining DEC pathotypes investigated. In conclusion, psittacine from illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State, Brazil, presented a relevant prevalence of typical and atypical EPEC, potentially playing a role as reservoirs of DEC strains in the environment. Thus, proper control measures must be adopted to block the spread of these pathogens.

scholarly journals Virulence characteristics and the molecular epidemiology of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates from travellers to developing countries

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1386-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Huang ◽  
Jamal A. Mohamed ◽  
James P. Nataro ◽  
Herbert L. DuPont ◽  
Zhi-Dong Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gene Profiles ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Virulence Properties

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is associated with diarrhoea among travellers to developing countries. EAEC virulence properties predisposing to illness are not clear. Sixty-four EAEC strains identified by a HEp-2 cell assay and isolated from faecal samples from US and European travellers to developing countries were studied for the prevalence of 11 putative virulence genes by PCR: 49 EAEC strains from adults with acute diarrhoea and 15 EAEC strains from adults without diarrhoea. E. coli strains from the stools of healthy travellers to the same region were used as controls. EAEC carrying aggR, aap, astA and set1A were identified individually more often in the stools of subjects with diarrhoea compared with those without diarrhoea (P<0.05). EAEC isolates with two or three of these genes were associated with diarrhoea compared with EAEC isolates without the presence of these genes (P<0.05). Subjects with diarrhoea who shed EAEC isolates positive for these genes were more likely than subjects shedding EAEC negative for these genes to pass stools with gross mucus (57 vs 14 %) and faecal leukocytes (40 vs 7 %) (P<0.05). This study shows the heterogeneity of gene profiles of EAEC strains found in the stools of international travellers and suggests that the presence of aggR, aap, astA or set1A, the number of genes present and stool characteristics may be markers for more virulent EAEC strains.

Isolation of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from children with and without diarrhoea in Delhi and the National Capital Region, India

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1156-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Arif Ali
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
Capital Region ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Atypical Epec ◽  
National Capital ◽  
Typical Epec

A total of 17 typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were isolated from 396 children with and without diarrhoea. Out of 12 EPEC isolates from patients with diarrhoea, 3 (25 %) were atypical EPEC while 9 (75 %) were typical EPEC. It was observed that atypical EPEC strains had colonized the intestines of healthy children and its isolation rates were higher in healthy children than in children with diarrhoea. Interestingly all of the atypical EPEC isolates carried a megaplasmid, mostly comparable with the size of EPEC adherence factor (EAF) encoding gene but no virulence gene was detected in this megaplasmid. Studies also indicated that multidrug resistance EPEC are emerging and all the atypical EPEC strains showed significantly less resistance to all antimicrobial agents used in this study than typical EPEC. This study also supports the opinion that Shiga toxin-producing E. coli does not pose a major threat to human health in India. Subtyping analysis reveals that eae-α1, eae-β2 and eae-λ could be common EPEC subtypes prevalent in children with diarrhoea in Delhi. The present study is believed to be the first report of the detection of atypical EPEC from children without diarrhoea and records of isolation of eae-γ1, eae-γ2 and the rare eae-λ subtype in India. The data also indicated that typical EPEC are a common cause of diarrhoea and atypical EPEC are emerging as colonizers of the intestine of children with and without diarrhoea in Delhi and the National Capital Region, India.

scholarly journals Drivers of antimicrobial resistance amongst intestinalEscherichia coliisolated from children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle J. Ingle ◽  
Myron M. Levine ◽  
Karen L. Kotloff ◽  
Kathryn E. Holt ◽  
Roy M. Robins-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Usage ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Usage Data

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) dynamics are poorly understood in developing countries, where data on the prevalence of AMR in enteric bacteria are sparse, particularly among children and in the community setting. Here we use a combination of phenotyping, genomics and antimicrobial usage data to investigate patterns of AMR amongst atypical enteropathogenicE. coli(aEPEC) strains isolated from children <5 years old in seven countries (four in sub-Saharan Africa and three in South Asia) over a three-year period. We detected very high rates of AMR, with 65% of isolates displaying resistance to ≥3 drug classes; the rates of AMR were the same amongst strains associated with diarrhea and strains that were carried asymptomatically. Whole genome sequencing identified a diversity of genetic mechanisms for AMR, which could explain >95% of observed phenotypic resistance. Analysis of AMR gene co-occurrence revealed clusters of acquired AMR genes that were frequently co-located on small plasmids and transposons, providing opportunities for acquisition of multidrug resistance in a single step. We used discriminant analysis to investigate potential drivers of AMR within the bacterial population, and found that genetic determinants of AMR were associated with geographical location of isolation but not with phylogenetic lineage of theE. colistrain or disease status of the human host. Comparison with antimicrobial usage data showed that the prevalence of resistance to newer drugs (fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins) was correlated with usage, which was generally higher in South Asia than Africa. In particular, fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations ingyrAwere significantly associated with use of these drugs for treatment of diarrheic children. Notably resistance to older drugs such as trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and ampicillin, which are conferred by acquired AMR genes that were frequently clustered together in mobile genetic elements, were common in all locations despite differences in usage; this suggests that reversion to sensitivity is unlikely to occur even if these drugs are removed from circulation. This study provides much-needed insights into the frequencies of AMR in intestinalE. coliin community-based children in developing countries and to antimicrobial usage for diarrhea where the burden of infections is greatest.

Regional-National ICT Strategies

2010 ◽  
pp. 63-87
Author(s):  
Melih Kirlidog ◽  
Stephen E. Little
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
National Information

An overwhelming majority of developing and industrialized countries have developed national Information and Communication Technology (ICT) strategies. Developing countries hope to leapfrog towards social and economic progress, modernization, and wealth, and industrialized countries do not want to be left behind in the race for ICT capabilities. While industrialized countries have distinct advantages in formulating and realizing these strategies, some developing countries’ objectives are too ambitious, seeking to achieve an information society by these strategies alone. An important reflection of today’s globalization on this issue is the cross-country aspect of “national” ICT strategies. Japan’s ICT strategy is increasingly outward oriented, sub-Saharan African countries are developing their strategies with the support of international agencies and non-government organizations, and Caribbean countries have established a common regulatory framework for the telecommunications sector. The aim of all these efforts is to develop a regional synergy for fostering ICT. This chapter is an exploratory analysis of the internationalization of national ICT strategies.

Technology-Induced Customer Services in the Developing Countries

2012 ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Ozuem ◽  
Geoff Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Customer Services ◽  
Sub Saharan

The emergence of the internet has signaled the coming of a new era in the history of cultural transmission. Indeed, a baffling array of industries have adopted and implemented internet technologies in tandem with its prototypical subsets, especially in developed countries. Whilst there has been some surge in the adoption and implementation of internet businesses in developing countries, it appears that these countries are still lagging behind in the delivery of technologically-induced customer services. Despite the bifurcation between the level of internet adoption and implementation, most extant literature related to understanding the dynamics of customer services in technologically induced environments is dominated by scholars and practitioners in developed countries. This dominance has not only provided a truncated view of prevailing trends, but has obscured unique evolving business models from sub-Saharan countries. Drawing on an interpretivist ethnographic methodological approach emerging through an interest in the origins of culture and civilisation, primarily through analysis of (primitive) societies, this chapter provides a background on the sub-Saharan perspective on general technologically induced environments, which is necessary to formulate the basis for a contemporary sub-Saharan e-business model. The aim is to look afresh at problems faced by the banking sector in the delivery of services to customers, and to demonstrate how these users might brace themselves generatively to meet the challenges it poses.

scholarly journals Age-specific prevalence of diffusely adherent Escherichia coli in Brazilian children with acute diarrhoea

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana C. Spano ◽  
Ana Daniela I. Sadovsky ◽  
Paula N. Segui ◽  
Ketene W. Saick ◽  
Sonia M. S. Kitagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Dna Probes ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Typical Epec ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Brazilian Children

In a prospective study between February 2003 and June 2004, stool specimens of children less than 2 years of age with diarrhoea (n=218) and without diarrhoea (n=86), living in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, were examined for the presence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. E. coli isolates were tested by colony blot hybridization with specific DNA probes designed to detect EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EAEC, DAEC and EHEC/STEC. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains were detected as the sole pathogen in stools of 92 (30.3 %) children, including 72 (33.0 %) with diarrhoea and 20 (23.2 %) without diarrhoea. DAEC was the most frequent pathotype and was found significantly more often from patients (18.3 %) than from controls (8.1 %) (P<0.05), particularly among children more than 1 year of age (P=0.01). Atypical EPEC and EAEC isolates were isolated from both patients (5.5 % and 4.6 %, respectively) and controls (6.9 % and 6.9 %, respectively). ETEC was more frequently isolated from patients (3.2 %) than controls (1.2 %). Typical EPEC (0.9 %) and EIEC (0.4 %) isolates were detected only in children with diarrhoea. In conclusion, our data suggest that DAEC should be considered potential pathogens in the region of Brazil studied.

Competition Policy for the New Era

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Collective Wisdom ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
The World

This book presents a new stage in the contributions of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) to the development of Competition Law and policy. These countries have significant influence in their respective regions and in the world. The changing global environment means greater political and economic role for the BRICS and other emerging countries. BRICS countries are expected to contribute nearly half of all global gross domestic product growth by 2020. For more than a century, the path of Competition Law has been defined by the developed and industrialized countries of the world. Much later, developing countries and emerging economies came on the scene. They experience many of the old competition problems, but they also experience new problems, and experience even the old problems differently. Where are the fora to talk about Competition Law and policy fit for developing and emerging economies? The contributors in this book are well-known academic and practising economists and lawyers from both developed and developing countries. The chapters begin with a brief introduction of the topic, followed by a critical discussion and a conclusion. Accordingly, each chapter is organized around a central argument made by its author(s) in relation to the issue or case study discussed. These arguments are thoughtful, precise, and very different from each another. Each chapter is written to be a valuable freestanding contribution to our collective wisdom. The set of case studies as a whole helps to build a collection of different perspectives on competition policy.

Cultural Tourism Routes as Incubators for Innovation and Economic Diversification: A Potential Analysis in the Framework of the New Silk Road Initiative in Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Schuhbert ◽  
Hannes Thees ◽  
Valentin Herbold ◽  
Johanna Weinreiter ◽  
Markus Kantsperger
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Southern Caucasus ◽  
Ancient Silk Road ◽  
Cultural Routes

AbstractCultural routes are today a widespread phenomenon throughout the Industrialized Countries (IC) and have become more and more prominent as a tool for tourism development in recent years (Flognfeldt, 2005:37; Meyer, 2004:5). For countries in the Southern Caucasus, who profit from their bridging position between Europe and Asia, the planned revival of the Ancient Silk Road (ASR) in form of the New Silk Road (NSR) offers substantial potentials for economic diversification by means of tourism as a catalyzing industry. On the case of Azerbaijan, this study analyzes the potential to trigger regional economic diversification within the existing national destination-system in a framework of route development. To this end, the methodological approach builds upon a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods to diagnose the current degree of cluster maturity in the system, following the question of how Azerbaijan as a system of regional destination can access the transnational route system of the NSR.

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