ADAMTS13 and 15 are not regulated by the full length and N-terminal domain forms of TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4

Prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy almost invariably develop castration-resistant prostate cancer. Resistance can occur when mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) render anti-androgen drugs ineffective or through the expression of constitutively active splice variants lacking the androgen binding domain entirely (e.g., ARV7). In this study, we are reporting the discovery of a novel AR-NTD covalent inhibitor 1-chloro-3-[(5-([(2S)-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl]amino)naphthalen-1-yl)amino]propan-2-ol (VPC-220010) targeting the AR-N-terminal Domain (AR-NTD). VPC-220010 inhibits AR-mediated transcription of full length and truncated variant ARV7, downregulates AR response genes, and selectively reduces the growth of both full-length AR- and truncated AR-dependent prostate cancer cell lines. We show that VPC-220010 disrupts interactions between AR and known coactivators and coregulatory proteins, such as CHD4, FOXA1, ZMIZ1, and several SWI/SNF complex proteins. Taken together, our data suggest that VPC-220010 is a promising small molecule that can be further optimized into effective AR-NTD inhibitor for the treatment of CRPC.

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Increased metal tolerance and bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expressing a AtHMA4 C-terminal domain protein

10.1101/2020.02.13.948307 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Aniefon Ibuot ◽

Rachel E. Webster ◽

Lorraine E. Williams ◽

Jon K. Pittman

Keyword(s):

Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽

Metal Binding ◽

Metal Tolerance ◽

Alginate Beads ◽

Full Length ◽

Wild Type ◽

Microalgal Biomass ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Metal Biosorption ◽

Transgenic Cells

AbstractThe use of microalgal biomass for metal pollutant bioremediation might be improved by genetic engineering to modify the selectivity or capacity of metal biosorption. A plant cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) transporter (AtHMA4) was used as a transgene to increase the ability of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to tolerate 0.2 mM Cd and 0.3 mM Zn exposure. The transgenic cells showed increased accumulation and internalisation of both metals compared to wild type. AtHMA4 was expressed either as the full-length protein or just the C-terminal tail, which is known to have metal binding sites. Similar Cd and Zn tolerance and accumulation was observed with expression of either the full-length protein or C-terminal domain, suggesting that enhanced metal tolerance was mainly due to increased metal binding rather than metal transport. The effectiveness of the transgenic cells was further examined by immobilisation in calcium alginate to generate microalgal beads that could be added to a metal contaminated solution. Immobilisation maintained metal tolerance, while AtHMA4-expressing cells in alginate showed a concentration-dependent increase in metal biosorption that was significantly greater than alginate beads composed of wild type cells. This demonstrates that expressing AtHMA4 full-length or C-terminus has great potential as a strategy for bioremediation using microalgal biomass.

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Disruption of dynamic cell surface architecture of NIH3T3 fibroblasts by the N-terminal domains of moesin and ezrin: in vivo imaging with GFP fusion proteins

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.112.1.111 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 112 (1) ◽

pp. 111-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M.R. Amieva ◽

P. Litman ◽

L. Huang ◽

E. Ichimaru ◽

H. Furthmayr

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Cell Surface ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Full Length ◽

Cell Behavior ◽

Amino Terminal ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Carboxy Terminal Domain ◽

Carboxy Terminal

Lamellipodia, filopodia, microspikes and retraction fibers are characteristic features of a dynamic and continuously changing cell surface architecture and moesin, ezrin and radixin are thought to function in these microextensions as reversible links between plasma membrane proteins and actin microfilaments. Full-length and truncated domains of the three proteins were fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), expressed in NIH3T3 cells, and distribution and behaviour of cells were analysed by using digitally enhanced differential interference contrast (DIC) and fluorescence video microscopy. The amino-terminal (N-)domains of all three proteins localize to the plasma membrane and fluorescence recordings parallel the dynamic changes in cell surface morphology observed by DIC microscopy of cultured cells. Expression of this domain, however, significantly affects cell surface architecture by the formation of abnormally long and fragile filopodia that poorly attach and retract abnormally. Even more striking are abundant irregular, branched and motionless membraneous structures that accumulate during retraction of lamellipodia. These are devoid of actin, endogenous moesin, ezrin and radixin, but contain the GFP-labeled domain. While a large proportion of endogenous proteins can be extracted with non-ionic detergents as in untransfected control cells, >90% of N-moesin and >60% of N-ezrin and N-radixin remain insoluble. The minimal size of the domain of moesin required for membrane localization and change in behavior includes residues 1–320. Deletions of amino acid residues from either end result in diffuse intracellular distribution, but also in normal cell behavior. Expression of GFP-fusions of full-length moesin or its carboxy-terminal domain has no effect on cell behavior during the observation period of 6–8 hours. The data suggest that, in the absence of the carboxy-terminal domain, N-moesin, -ezrin and -radixin interact tightly with the plasma membrane and interfere with normal functions of endogeneous proteins mainly during retraction.

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Abstract 42: Differential Contribution Of The N- And C-terminal Domains To The Folding And Function Of Tandem Calponin-homology Domains

Circulation Research ◽

10.1161/res.115.suppl_1.42 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 115 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Krishna Mallela ◽

Swati Bandi ◽

Surinder Singh ◽

Geoffrey Armstrong

Keyword(s):

Full Length ◽

Actin Binding ◽

Main Function ◽

Calponin Homology ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Binding Domains ◽

Binding Function ◽

Ch2 Domain ◽

The Stability ◽

And Function

Tandem calponin-homology (CH) domains constitute a major class of actin-binding domains that include dystrophin and utrophin, the two key proteins involved in muscular dystrophy. Despite their importance, how their structure controls their function is not understood. Here, we study the contribution of individual CH domains to the actin-binding function and thermodynamic stability of utrophin’s tandem CH domain. Traditional actin co-sedimentation assays indicate that the isolated C-terminal CH2 domain binds weakly to F-actin when compared with the full-length tandem CH domain. In contrast, isolated CH1 binds to F-actin with a similar efficiency as that of the full-length tandem CH domain. Thus, the obvious question that arises is why tandem CH domains require CH2, when their actin-binding efficiency is originating primarily from CH1. To answer, we probed the thermodynamic stabilities of individual CH domains. Isolated CH1 domain is unstable and is prone to serious aggregation. Isolated CH2 is very stable, even appears to be more stable than the full-length tandem CH domain. In addition, the CH2 domain, which is more stable, is less functional. These results indicate that the main function of CH2 is to stabilize CH1. Consistently, the proposed structure of utrophin’s tandem CH domain based on earlier X-ray studies indicates a close proximity between the C-terminal helix of CH2 and the N-terminal helix of CH1, and this helix in CH2 is more dynamic in the full-length protein when compared with that in the absence of CH1, suggesting the mechanism by which CH2 stabilizes CH1. These observations indicate that the two CH domains contribute differentially to the folding and function of tandem CH domains, although both domains essentially have the same native structure in the tandem CH domain. The N-terminal domain determines the function, whereas the C-terminal domain determines the stability. This work was funded by the AHA Grant 11SDG4880046.

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Structural Characterization of the Helicase nsp10 Encoded by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.02158-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 94 (15) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuejun Shi ◽

Xiaohan Tong ◽

Gang Ye ◽

Ruixue Xiu ◽

Lisha Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Domain Structure ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Catalytic Domain ◽

Full Length ◽

Structural Basis ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Common Mechanism ◽

Helicase Activity ◽

Terminal Domain

ABSTRACT Currently, an effective therapeutic treatment for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains elusive. PRRSV helicase nsp10 is an important component of the replication transcription complex that plays a crucial role in viral replication, making nsp10 an important target for drug development. Here, we report the first crystal structure of full-length nsp10 from the arterivirus PRRSV, which has multiple domains: an N-terminal zinc-binding domain (ZBD), a 1B domain, and helicase core domains 1A and 2A. Importantly, our structural analyses indicate that the conformation of the 1B domain from arterivirus nsp10 undergoes a dynamic transition. The polynucleotide substrate channel formed by domains 1A and 1B adopts an open state, which may create enough space to accommodate and bind double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during unwinding. Moreover, we report a unique C-terminal domain structure that participates in stabilizing the overall helicase structure. Our biochemical experiments also showed that deletion of the 1B domain and C-terminal domain significantly reduced the helicase activity of nsp10, indicating that the four domains must cooperate to contribute to helicase function. In addition, our results indicate that nidoviruses contain a conserved helicase core domain and key amino acid sites affecting helicase function, which share a common mechanism of helicase translocation and unwinding activity. These findings will help to further our understanding of the mechanism of helicase function and provide new targets for the development of antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major respiratory disease agent in pigs that causes enormous economic losses to the global swine industry. PRRSV helicase nsp10 is a multifunctional protein with translocation and unwinding activities and plays a vital role in viral RNA synthesis. Here, we report the first structure of full-length nsp10 from the arterivirus PRRSV at 3.0-Å resolution. Our results show that the 1B domain of PRRSV nsp10 adopts a novel open state and has a unique C-terminal domain structure, which plays a crucial role in nsp10 helicase activity. Furthermore, mutagenesis and structural analysis revealed conservation of the helicase catalytic domain across the order Nidovirales (families Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae). Importantly, our results will provide a structural basis for further understanding the function of helicases in the order Nidovirales.

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Roles of Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein and the Carboxyl-Terminal Domain of the α Subunit in Transcription Activation of theEscherichia coli rhaBAD Operon

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.182.12.3529-3535.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 182 (12) ◽

pp. 3529-3535 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Carolyn C. Holcroft ◽

Susan M. Egan

Keyword(s):

Dna Binding ◽

Cyclic Amp ◽

Full Length ◽

Receptor Protein ◽

Α Subunit ◽

Cyclic Amp Receptor Protein ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Carboxyl Terminal Domain ◽

Plasmid Library ◽

Carboxyl Terminal

ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli rhaBAD operon encodes the enzymes for catabolism of the sugar l-rhamnose. FullrhaBAD activation requires the AraC family activator RhaS (bound to a site that overlaps the −35 region of the promoter) and the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP; bound immediately upstream of RhaS at −92.5). We tested alanine substitutions in activating regions (AR) 1 and 2 of CRP for their effect onrhaBAD activation. Some, but not all, of the substitutions in both AR1 and AR2 resulted in approximately twofold defects in expression from rhaBAD promoter fusions. We also expressed a derivative of the α subunit of RNA polymerase deleted for the entire C-terminal domain (α-Δ235) and assayed expression from rhaBAD promoter fusions. The greatest defect (54-fold) occurred at a truncated promoter where RhaS was the only activator, while the defect at the full-length promoter (RhaS plus CRP) was smaller (13-fold). Analysis of a plasmid library expressing alanine substitutions at every residue in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the α subunit (α-CTD) identified 15 residues (mostly in the DNA-binding determinant) that were important at both the full-length and truncated promoters. Only one substitution was defective at the full-length but not the truncated promoter, and this residue was located in the DNA-binding determinant. Six substitutions were defective only at the promoter activated by RhaS alone, and these may define a protein-contacting determinant on α-CTD. Overall, our results suggest that CRP interaction with α-CTD may not be required for rhaBAD activation; however, α-CTD does contribute to full activation, probably through interactions with DNA and possibly RhaS.

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Solution Behavior of the Intrinsically Disordered N-Terminal Domain of Retinoid X Receptor α in the Context of the Full-Length Protein

Biochemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01122 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 55 (12) ◽

pp. 1741-1748 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Anna Y. Belorusova ◽

Judit Osz ◽

Maxim V. Petoukhov ◽

Carole Peluso-Iltis ◽

Bruno Kieffer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retinoid X Receptor ◽

Full Length ◽

Solution Behavior ◽

Intrinsically Disordered ◽

Terminal Domain

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Assessment of the PrP c Amino-Terminal Domain in Prion Species Barriers

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01121-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 90 (23) ◽

pp. 10752-10761 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kristen A. Davenport ◽

Davin M. Henderson ◽

Candace K. Mathiason ◽

Edward A. Hoover

Keyword(s):

Prion Protein ◽

Bank Vole ◽

Protein Misfolding ◽

Prion Diseases ◽

Full Length ◽

Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽

Amino Terminal ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Human Sequence ◽

Amino Terminal Domain

ABSTRACT Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle are prion diseases that are caused by the same protein-misfolding mechanism, but they appear to pose different risks to humans. We are interested in understanding the differences between the species barriers of CWD and BSE. We used real-time, quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) to model the central molecular event in prion disease, the templated misfolding of the normal prion protein, PrP c , to a pathogenic, amyloid isoform, scrapie prion protein, PrP Sc . We examined the role of the PrP c amino-terminal domain (N-terminal domain [NTD], amino acids [aa] 23 to 90) in cross-species conversion by comparing the conversion efficiency of various prion seeds in either full-length (aa 23 to 231) or truncated (aa 90 to 231) PrP c . We demonstrate that the presence of white-tailed deer and bovine NTDs hindered seeded conversion of PrP c , but human and bank vole NTDs did the opposite. Additionally, full-length human and bank vole PrP c s were more likely to be converted to amyloid by CWD prions than were their truncated forms. A chimera with replacement of the human NTD by the bovine NTD resembled human PrP c . The requirement for an NTD, but not for the specific human sequence, suggests that the NTD interacts with other regions of the human PrP c to increase promiscuity. These data contribute to the evidence that, in addition to primary sequence, prion species barriers are controlled by interactions of the substrate NTD with the rest of the substrate PrP c molecule. IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that the amino-terminal domain of the normal prion protein, PrP c , hinders seeded conversion of bovine and white-tailed deer PrP c s to the prion forms, but it facilitates conversion of the human and bank vole PrP c s to the prion forms. Additionally, we demonstrate that the amino-terminal domain of human and bank vole PrP c s requires interaction with the rest of the molecule to facilitate conversion by CWD prions. These data suggest that interactions of the amino-terminal domain with the rest of the PrP c molecule play an important role in the susceptibility of humans to CWD prions.

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Granulins modulate liquid–liquid phase separation and aggregation of the prion-like C-terminal domain of the neurodegeneration-associated protein TDP-43

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1074/jbc.ra119.011501 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 295 (8) ◽

pp. 2506-2519 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Anukool A. Bhopatkar ◽

Vladimir N. Uversky ◽

Vijayaraghavan Rangachari

Keyword(s):

Phase Separation ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Structural Disorder ◽

Liquid Phase Separation ◽

Proteolytic Processing ◽

Full Length ◽

Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) has emerged as a key player in many neurodegenerative pathologies, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Hallmarks of both FTLD and ALS are the toxic cytoplasmic inclusions of the prion-like C-terminal fragments of TDP-43 CTD (TDP-43 C-terminal domain), formed upon proteolytic cleavage of full-length TDP-43 in the nucleus and subsequent transport to the cytoplasm. Both full-length TDP-43 and its CTD are also known to form stress granules by coacervating with RNA in the cytoplasm during stress and may be involved in these pathologies. Furthermore, mutations in the PGRN gene, leading to haploinsufficiency and diminished function of progranulin (PGRN) protein, are strongly linked to FTLD and ALS. Recent reports have indicated that proteolytic processing of PGRN to smaller protein modules called granulins (GRNs) contributes to FTLD and ALS progression, with specific GRNs exacerbating TDP-43–induced cytotoxicity. Here we investigated the interactions between the proteolytic products of both TDP-43 and PGRN. Based on structural disorder and charge distributions, we hypothesized that GRN-3 and GRN-5 could interact with the TDP-43 CTD. We show that, under both reducing and oxidizing conditions, GRN-3 and GRN-5 interact with and differentially modulate TDP-43 CTD aggregation and/or liquid–liquid phase separation in vitro. GRN-3 promoted insoluble aggregates of the TDP-43 CTD while GRN-5 mediated liquid–liquid phase separation. These results constitute the first observation of an interaction between GRNs and TDP-43, suggesting a mechanism by which attenuated PGRN function could lead to familial FTLD or ALS.

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A novel FK506- and rapamycin-binding protein (FPR3 gene product) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a proline rotamase localized to the nucleolus.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.127.3.623 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 127 (3) ◽

pp. 623-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

B M Benton ◽

J H Zang ◽

J Thorner

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Gene Product ◽

Full Length ◽

Multicopy Plasmid ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Growth Inhibitory ◽

Gal1 Promoter ◽

Delta Cells

The gene (FPR3) encoding a novel type of peptidylpropyl-cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase) was isolated during a search for previously unidentified nuclear proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PPIases are thought to act in conjunction with protein chaperones because they accelerate the rate of conformational interconversions around proline residues in polypeptides. The FPR3 gene product (Fpr3) is 413 amino acids long. The 111 COOH-terminal residues of Fpr3 share greater than 40% amino acid identity with a particular class of PPIases, termed FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) because they are the intracellular receptors for two immunosuppressive compounds, rapamycin and FK506. When expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli, both full-length Fpr3 and its isolated COOH-terminal domain exhibit readily detectable PPIase activity. Both fpr3 delta null mutants and cells expressing FPR3 from its own promoter on a multicopy plasmid have no discernible growth phenotype and do not display any alteration in sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of either FK506 or rapamycin. In S. cerevisiae, the gene for a 112-residue cytosolic FKBP (FPR1) and the gene for a 135-residue ER-associated FKBP (FPR2) have been described before. Even fpr1 fpr2 fpr3 triple mutants are viable. However, in cells carrying an fpr1 delta mutation (which confers resistance to rapamycin), overexpression from the GAL1 promoter of the C-terminal domain of Fpr3, but not full-length Fpr3, restored sensitivity to rapamycin. Conversely, overproduction from the GAL1 promoter of full-length Fpr3, but not its COOH-terminal domain, is growth inhibitory in both normal cells and fpr1 delta mutants. In fpr1 delta cells, the toxic effect of Fpr3 overproduction can be reversed by rapamycin. Overproduction of the NH2-terminal domain of Fpr3 is also growth inhibitory in normal cells and fpr1 delta mutants, but this toxicity is not ameliorated in fpr1 delta cells by rapamycin. The NH2-terminal domain of Fpr3 contains long stretches of acidic residues alternating with blocks of basic residues, a structure that resembles sequences found in nucleolar proteins, including S. cerevisiae NSR1 and mammalian nucleolin. Indirect immunofluorescence with polyclonal antibodies raised against either the NH2- or the COOH-terminal segments of Fpr3 expressed in E. coli demonstrated that Fpr3 is located exclusively in the nucleolus.

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