scholarly journals Syrphidae of Southern Illinois: Diversity, floral associations, and preliminary assessment of their efficacy as pollinators

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Chisausky ◽  
Nathan Soley ◽  
Leila Kassim ◽  
Casey Bryan ◽  
Gil Felipe Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Pollen Loads ◽  
Accumulation Curve ◽  
Regional Species Pool ◽  
Common Genus ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Syrphid Flies

Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are a cosmopolitan group of flower-visiting insects, though their diversity and importance as pollinators is understudied and often unappreciated. Data on 1,477 Syrphid occurrences and floral associations from three years of pollinator collection (2017-2019) in the Southern Illinois region of Illinois, United States, are here compiled and analyzed. We collected 69 species in 36 genera off of the flowers of 157 plant species. While a richness of 69 species is greater than most other families of flower-visiting insects in our region, a species accumulation curve and regional species pool estimators suggest that at least 33 species are yet uncollected. In order to further the understanding of Syrphidae as pollinators in the Southern Illinois region, we produced a NMDS ordination of floral associations for the most common syrphid species. The NMDS did not sort syrphid species into discrete ecological guilds, and syrphid floral associations generally fit those predicted by traditional pollination syndromes. We also conducted a preliminary analysis of the pollen-carrying capacity of different syrphid taxa, which found several Eristalis species to carry pollen loads comparable to the European Honey Bee, Apis mellifera, and showed significant differences in the pollen-carrying capacity of various syrphid species. Notably, the extremely common genus Toxomerus and other small Syrphinae species carried very little pollen, while large and pilose Eristalinae species carried large pollen loads.

scholarly journals Preliminary assessment of economic effect of transportation in the innovation cars with axial load of 27 tons at the area of the Eastern ground

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 351-357
Author(s):  
O. F. Miroshnichenko ◽  
A. E. Oginskaya
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Technical Properties ◽  
Train Length ◽  
The One ◽  
Maintenance Process

The article presents preliminary results of the comprehensive assessment of the economic effect for the infrastructure owner from transportation by trains composed with the innovation freight cars with axial load of 27 tons at the specific areas (grounds). Comprehensive economic assessment for the infrastructure owner consists in taking into account changes of expenses for improvement of technical properties of the new car, as well as the expenses for changes of the operation properties of the car handling areas, in particular: • one-time expenses for putting infrastructure of the areas of cars handling with the axial load from 25 to 27 tons in compliance with the new technical requirements; • financial results due to increase of carrying-capacity by means of increase of the weight at the permanent train length; • change of the current and one-time expenses for train traction composed of the innovation cars of increased carrying-capacity when changing the locomotive series and the number of section-kilometers per the unit of transportation operations.Calculations performed for the routes Chegdomyn – Vanino and Chelutay – Nakhodka indicated that effect of transportation in the innovation cars can be both positive and negative for the infrastructure owner depending on the operation and economic properties of the handling area (volume of transported freight in the examined cars, maintenance process of the locomotive runs, etc.).Taking into account the one-time costs for putting the superstructure in compliance with the technical requirements, the financial results of JSC “RZD” is getting worse at the examined routes.Obtained results have preliminary nature as more detailed accounting of expenses is required for putting infrastructure of the train handling areas composed from the cars of axial load 27 tons in compliance with the technical requirements.

IMPROVING CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTION OF BEAM WITH CORRUGATED WALL

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey O. LUKIN ◽  
Vadim Yu. ALPATOV ◽  
Dmitriy D. CHERNYSHEV
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Local Stability ◽  
Local Resistance ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Corrugated Wall ◽  
Corrugated Beam

The analysis of improving ways to test for load-bearing structures - metal beams with corrugated wall was conducted. Weak places, limiting their load-bearing capacity were determined. It was found that the criterion for determining the carrying capacity of thin-walled corrugated beam is its local resistance. The author's solution to increase the local stability of the corrugated wall beams was suggested. Author's solution is to give the corrugated wall of further extruded profile of different geometry. The influence of the shape and size of punching the wall on the carrying capacity of corrugated beams was determined. The studies confirming the effectiveness of the proposed constructive solutions increase the stability of the corrugated wall are conducted. Preliminary assessment of the degree of increase of the bearing capacity of the beam by punching its wall is obtained.

scholarly journals The forgotten flies: the importance of non-syrphid Diptera as pollinators

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20142934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Orford ◽  
Ian P. Vaughan ◽  
Jane Memmott
Keyword(s):  
Transport Networks ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Pollen Loads ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Pollen Transport ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pollen Vectors ◽  
Total Pollen ◽  
Flower Visiting

Bees, hoverflies and butterflies are taxa frequently studied as pollinators in agricultural and conservation contexts. Although there are many records of non-syrphid Diptera visiting flowers, they are generally not regarded as important pollinators. We use data from 30 pollen-transport networks and 71 pollinator-visitation networks to compare the importance of various flower-visiting taxa as pollen-vectors. We specifically compare non-syrphid Diptera and Syrphidae to determine whether neglect of the former in the literature is justified. We found no significant difference in pollen-loads between the syrphid and non-syrphid Diptera. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the level of specialization between the two groups in the pollen-transport networks, though the Syrphidae had significantly greater visitation evenness. Flower visitation data from 33 farms showed that non-syrphid Diptera made up the majority of the flower-visiting Diptera in the agricultural studies (on average 82% abundance and 73% species richness), and we estimate that non-syrphid Diptera carry 84% of total pollen carried by farmland Diptera. As important pollinators, such as bees, have suffered serious declines, it would be prudent to improve our understanding of the role of non-syrphid Diptera as pollinators.

scholarly journals Diversity of Flower-visiting Bees and their Pollen Loads on a Wildflower Seed Farm in Montana

2012 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
April M. Pearce ◽  
K. M. O'Neill ◽  
Richard S. Miller ◽  
Sue Blodgett
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Loads ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Seed Farm

scholarly journals Distribution and Community Structure of Coral Reefs In The West Coast Of Sumatra Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikoh Manogar Siringoringo ◽  
Tri Aryono Hadi ◽  
Ni Wayan Purnama Sari ◽  
Muhammad Abra ◽  
Munasik Munasik
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
The West ◽  
Accumulation Curve ◽  
Common Genus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Line Intercept

This paper assesses the distribution and community structure of coral species in six locations along the west coast of Sumatra, namely Mentawai, Bengkulu, Nias, Padang Pariaman, Simeulue, and Central Tapanuli. Data collected using Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method obtained from 55 sites at six locations. The ordination analysis by using PRIMER 7 software indicates the corals do not distributed evenly. In this case, almost all of the corals distributed mainly in Central Tapanuli and followed by Bengkulu, making it the most diverse corals location in the west coast. Mentawai and Padang Pariaman were less diverse and relatively similar as clustered together, but Padang Pariaman reefs had more Montipora and Pocillopora while Mentawai reefs is mainly featured by Pavona and Psammocora. Although Nias reefs clustered into two different clusters, the main reef features were Porites and Pavona. Simeulue reefs appeared characterized by Porites and Psammocora.  Porites known as a very common genus of coral and are found in the widest area of the world's coral reefs. The within-site species richness determined by using species accumulation curve. K-dominance curve showed that Bengkulu and Mentawai seemed to have the lowest cumulative abundance but then crossed over Central Tapanuli at the third most abundance species. There were 52 genera found from six locations, eight of them distributed in all locations. Approximately 90% of which were found in Central Tapanuli. There were no differences between live coral coverage within locations, yet Caswell’s neutral model showed that Mentawai and Bengkulu had more coral species than other locations, indicating that there were likely were less stress environmental conditions occurring in these two locations.

scholarly journals Variability of Geological and Engineering Conditions in River Valleys: The Example of The Upper Vistula River Valley

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-137
Author(s):  
Ewa Labak-Mechowska
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Foundation Engineering ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
River Valleys

Abstract Fluctuations in groundwater levels are usually associated with the seasonal variability of precipitation and evapotranspiration. This has an effect on the carrying capacity of soil and on foundation engineering structures in river valleys. The analysis concerns the example of the Upper Vistula River valley. It presents the geological, groundwater and geological engineering conditions of the researched area through seasonal variations in groundwater level. Based on the results of soil and groundwater analyses, a preliminary assessment was made of the bearing capacity and aggressiveness of the water. An analysis of steel and concrete construction elements was carried out. It was estimated that precipitation has an influence on the strength parameters of soil. With a rise of the groundwater table, physical and mechanical parameters deteriorate. However, a drop in the level of the groundwater table causes an improvement in the strength parameters of soil.

scholarly journals Ethological Study of Flower Visiting Insects in Two Parks, Kolkata, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Subhodeep Sarkar ◽  
Abantika Nandy ◽  
Soumendra Nath Talapatra
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Atmospheric Changes ◽  
Insect Visitors

Flower visiting insects attract by the flowers colour, shape, size and fragrance as pollinator. This is a mutual relationship between flowers and insects. The present study aims to know behavioural response or ethology of flower visiting insect in relation to particular flower and/or probable atmospheric changes in two managed parks, Kolkata, India. The study areas were selected as per heavily-populated neighborhoods, nearby office buildings, nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements, human interactions as visitors. The study was carried out at 2 sampling stations viz (i) Elliot park and (ii) Agri-Horticulture Society. The flower species were selected viz. Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Petunia sp. (petunia) and Buganvilia spectabilis (Buganvilia) planting above mentioned areas because these species are more common among other species. In each flower, behavioural response or ethology of visiting insects were studied by visual observation and total 10 flowers of each species were observed randomly. The present results clearly indicate that various insects were majorly showed foraging and feeding behaviour and only mating behaviour was found in two species. This study is a preliminary assessment of flower visiting insects’ ethology but further researches are needed in relation to pollination efficiencies of flower visiting insects in the particular flower and air pollution load nearby area by using instruments. It was concluded that insect visitors are showing foraging and feeding behavior but only two species were showed mating behaviour, which may be due to the vehicular air pollution because two parks are located nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements were observed.

scholarly journals Interaction between Bees and the Tristylous Flowers ofOxalis cytisoidesMart. & Zucc. (Oxalidaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Krug ◽  
Cláudia Inês Silva ◽  
Isabel Alves-dos-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Semideciduous Forest ◽  
Pollen Loads ◽  
Pollen Grain Size ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Santa Catarina State

The interaction of bees with the tristylous flowers ofOxalis cytisoidesMart. & Zucc. (Oxalidaceae) was evaluated. The study was conducted in a semideciduous forest at the Fritz Plaumann State Park in Concórdia, Santa Catarina state. TwoOxalis cytisoidesaggregations were found and the flower visiting bees were observed. The 3 floral morphs were found at the following proportions: 16 long-, 37 mid-, and 34 shortstyled individuals (n=87). Anthesis lasted one day (6:30 AM to 3 PM). No fruit was formed in the autogamy test; thus, pollination was dependent on the visitors. The pollen grain size varied between the stamens and morphs and formed subsets in accordance with the stigma height (long/mid/short). We collected 165 bees from 30 species visiting the flowers.Hypanthium divaricatumwas the most abundant bee species (34%) and the males were often observed patrolling the flowers in search of females for mating. Analysis of the pollen loads from 34 females showed that 27 carriedO. cytisoidespollen. The most frequent bees that carriedO. cytisoidespollen grains on their bodies were considered pollinator agents, responsible for transferring pollen grains among the floral morphs.

scholarly journals The assessment of the tank foundation carrying capacity under the conditions of seismic danger

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 04017
Author(s):  
Natalia Koretskaya ◽  
Nikolay Grib
Keyword(s):  
State Standard ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Seismic Stability ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Similar Construction ◽  
Deformed State ◽  
Made In

The article is devoted to the preliminary assessment of the tank foundation for its carrying capacity and durability as long as this structure is of a high responsibility level. The inspection of the tank foundation was made in order to assess the possibility of building a similar construction. Considering the site conditions, special attention was paid to the seismic stability of the tank. According to the state standard requirements the calculations were made on the basis of all index marks taking into account the main and specific combinations of loads. To define the tank stability for further operation, it was necessary to assess the possible need of strengthening or repairing it from the point of view of its carrying capacity for the first group of limit states as well as the deformed state. By the results of the research the possibility to further re-use the construction has to be resolved by the owner.

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