scholarly journals Biological attributes of diapausing and non-diapausing Doryctobracon areolatus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera, Tephritidae) fruit flies

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 41-56
Author(s):  
Jassmin Cruz-Bustos ◽  
Pablo Montoya ◽  
Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud ◽  
Javier Valle-Mora ◽  
Pablo Liedo
Keyword(s):  
Female Offspring ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Anastrepha Ludens ◽  
Starvation Resistance ◽  
Flight Ability ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Biological Attributes

Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), a solitary endoparasitoid native to the Neotropics, attacks eggs and early instar larvae of Anastrepha fruit flies, and can enter diapause under tropical and subtropical conditions. We aimed to test if biological attributes, such as size, flight ability, starvation resistance, longevity and fecundity of diapausing individuals differ from those of non-diapausing ones. Parasitoids were obtained from a laboratory colony reared on Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae. Parasitized host puparia were sorted in two cohorts according to their diapause condition. Developmental time from egg to adult ranged from 18 to 31 days in non-diapausing parasitoids, and 70 to 278 days for diapausing individuals. Pupal weight and adult measurements were higher in non-diapausing than in diapausing parasitoids. There were no differences in adult longevity, starvation resistance, and emergence between diapausing and non-diapausing wasps. Flight ability and fecundity rates were greater in the non-diapausing than in the diapause cohort. The proportion of female offspring was greater in the non-diapausing cohort (42.5%), whereas in the diapausing cohort the male offspring proportion was greater (62.4%). Both cohorts produced diapause offspring, but the non-diapausing cohort produced more (26.6%) than the diapausing one (9.1%). Maternal age had a significant effect on the proportion of diapause offspring: in 26 to 34 days old non-diapausing females, 78.9% of their offspring entered into diapause. These results confirmed that diapause affects the biological attributes of D. areolatus. The observed differences contribute to better understand the diapause influence on the colonization and rearing process of this species and its use as biocontrol agent.

EFFECTS OF PROLONGED COLONIZATION, CROWDING, AND STARVATION ON DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL RATES OF CABBAGE LOOPERS, TRICHOPLUSIA NI (HUBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Tignor ◽  
J. L. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Larval Crowding ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The effect of colonization, crowding, and starvation on the development of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, was investigated. Differences in development time, pupal weight, mortality rate, and adult longevity between a laboratory and field colony were minimal. These differences are believed to be correctable through minimization of selection and precautions against pathogenic contamination during rearing, as well as, regular introduction of field collected insects into the laboratory colony. Stress produced by larval crowding and starvation in the laboratory colony produced a longer development time, increased mortality, and reduced pupal weight. Cannabalism of larvae, prepupae, and pupae was noted at higher crowding and starvation (stress) levels. Increased adult longevity at higher stress levels was also observed.

Effect of plant nitrogen and silica on the bionomics ofSesamia calamistis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sétamou ◽  
F. Schulthess ◽  
N. A. Bosque-Pérez ◽  
A. Thomas-Odjo
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Time ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Female Fecundity ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Rate Of Increase

AbstractThe effects of nitrogen and silica application to maize plants on various aspects of the bionomics of the maize stem borer,Sesamia calamistisHampson, were studied in the laboratory. Increasing nitrogen doses significantly increased larval survival (from 18.7% (control) to 37.3% at 2.25 g N/plant), larval weight (from 49.0 mg (control) to 99.5 mg at 2.25 g N/plant), and female fecundity (from 77 eggs per female (control) to 365 eggs per female at 1.69 g N/plant). A significant, positive relationship was found between moth fecundity and female pupal weight. Nitrogen had no effect on larval and pupal developmental time but increased adult longevity. Intrinsic rate of increase, rm, and the net reproductive rate, Ro, were positively related to leaf and stem nitrogen, while generation time, G, was negatively related. Silica had the opposite effect from nitrogen on larval survival. Increasing silica supply reduced ultimate larval survival from 26.0% (control) to 4.0% at 0.56 g Si/plant. Immature developmental time, larval and pupal weight, pupal survival, female fecundity, egg viability and adult longevity ofS. calamistiswere not affected by silica application.

scholarly journals Agar and Carrageenan as Cost-Effective Gelling Agents in Yeast-Reduced Artificial Diets for Mass-Rearing Fruit Flies and Their Parasitoids

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pascacio-Villafán ◽  
Larissa Guillén ◽  
Martín Aluja
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Anastrepha Ludens ◽  
Gelling Agents ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Diet Cost

The development of cost-effective diets for mass-rearing fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their parasitoids in pest control programs based on the Sterile Insect Technique is a high priority worldwide. To this end, we tested carrageenan, agar, gelatin and two types of pregelatinized corn starches as gelling agents at varying percentages in a yeast-reduced liquid larval diet for rearing the Mexfly, Anastrepha ludens. Only diets with 0.234% (w/w) agar or 0.424% carrageenan were identified as diets with potential for mass-rearing A. ludens in terms of the number of pupae recovered from the diet, pupal weight, adult emergence, flight ability and diet cost. Comparative experiments showed that yeast-reduced agar and carrageenan gel diets produced heavier pupae and higher proportions of flying adults than the standard mass-rearing diet. The gel-agar and mass-rearing diets produced more pupae than the gel-carrageenan diet, but the latter produced more suitable larvae as hosts for rearing of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) females, a widely used fruit fly biocontrol agent. Yeast-reduced agar and carrageenan gel diets could represent cost-effective fruit fly mass-rearing diets if a practical system for gel diet preparation and dispensation at fruit fly mass-rearing facilities is developed.

PATHOGENICITY OF NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE (THOMSON) (MICROSPORIDA) IN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS), AND IMPLICATIONS OF DIAPAUSE CONDITIONS

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah S. Bauer ◽  
Gerald L. Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm

AbstractA standardized bioassay procedure was used to determine median lethal doses (LD50) of the microsporidium, Nosema fumiferanae (Thom.), on newly molted fourth- and fifth-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)). The LD50 for fifth-instar larva was 1.23 × 106 ± 2.82 × 105 spores. The fourth-instar LD50 was 2.23 × 104 ± 4.30 × 103 spores per larva for populations experiencing prolonged post-diapause cold storage or an elevated temperature during diapause and 2.00 × 105 ± 6.66 × 104 spores per larva for populations not experiencing stressful conditions during and after diapause. Median lethal times (LT50) ranged from 6 to 19 days, depending on instar and dose level. Sublethal responses of fourth- and fifth-instar larvae inoculated with serial dilutions of spores were estimated by significant linear models. These regressions were negative for pupal weight and adult longevity and positive for development time (duration of instar VI). Inoculations of newly molted sixth-instar larvae produced similar models, although development time was not significantly affected. Insects reared following stress during and after diapause had consistently longer developmental times. The importance of prolonged developmental time on disease expression and insect susceptibility is discussed.

Maternal influences on size and emergence time of the cinnabar moth

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1452-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Richards ◽  
Judith H. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Maternal Influences ◽  
Cinnabar Moth

Maternal effects on egg weight, wing length, and emergence time were studied in the cinnabar moth. Egg weight was related to hatching success, but neither egg weight nor order of laying were related to pupal weight of larvae reared under greenhouse conditions. Heritabilities of wing length and emergence time calculated from the regression of mean offspring values on female parent were 0.30 ± 0.12 and 0.39 ± 0.14 respectively for female offspring. Regressions for male offspring were not significant. Significant differences between families in an ANOVA however were indicative of genetic variance. Genetic variance for female emergence time is discussed as one mechanism which has enabled synchronization of moth emergence with the appropriate phase of food plant phenology for larval development.

Bait Stations for Control of Mexican Fruit Flies (Anastrepha ludens), First Year

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Hugh Conway ◽  
Guadalupe Gracia ◽  
Pedro Rendón ◽  
Christopher Vitek
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Anastrepha Ludens ◽  
First Year ◽  
Bait Stations

scholarly journals The molecular through ecological genetics of abnormal abdomen. IV. Components of genetic variation in a natural population of Drosophila mercatorum.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-366
Author(s):  
H Hollocher ◽  
A R Templeton ◽  
R DeSalle ◽  
J S Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Ecological Genetics ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Drosophila Mercatorum ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Abstract Natural populations of Drosophila mercatorum are polymorphic for a phenotypic syndrome known as abnormal abdomen (aa). This syndrome is characterized by a slow-down in egg-to-adult developmental time, retention of juvenile abdominal cuticle in the adult, increased early female fecundity, and decreased adult longevity. Previous studies revealed that the expression of this syndrome in females is controlled by two closely linked X chromosomal elements: the occurrence of an R1 insert in a third or more of the X-linked 28S ribosomal genes (rDNA), and the failure of replicative selection favoring uninserted 28S genes in larval polytene tissues. The expression of this syndrome in males in a laboratory stock was associated with the deletion of the rDNA normally found on the Y chromosome. In this paper we quantify the levels of genetic variation for these three components in a natural population of Drosophila mercatorum found near Kamuela, Hawaii. Extensive variation is found in the natural population for both of the X-linked components. Moreover, there is a significant association between variation in the proportion of R1 inserted 28S genes with allelic variation at the underreplication (ur) locus such that both of the necessary components for aa expression in females tend to cosegregate in the natural population. Accordingly, these two closely linked X chromosomal elements are behaving as a supergene in the natural population. Because of this association, we do not believe the R1 insert to be actively transposing to an appreciable extent. The Y chromosomes extracted from nature are also polymorphic, with 16% of the Ys lacking the Y-specific rDNA marker. The absence of this marker is significantly associated with the expression of aa in males. Hence, all three of the major genetic determinants of the abnormal abdomen syndrome are polymorphic in this natural population.

scholarly journals Potato Tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) Leaf Infestation Effects Performance of Conspecific Larvae on Harvested Tubers by Inducing Chemical Defenses

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Dingli Wang ◽  
Qiyun Wang ◽  
Xiao Sun ◽  
Yulin Gao ◽  
Jianqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Aboveground Herbivory ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Potato Tuberworm

Conspecific aboveground and belowground herbivores can interact with each other, mediated by plant secondary chemicals; however, little attention has been paid to the interaction between leaf feeders and tuber-feeders. Here, we evaluated the effect of the foliar feeding of P. operculella larvae on the development of conspecific larvae feeding on harvested tubers by determining the nutrition and defense metabolites in the whole plant (leaf, root and tuber). We found that leaf feeding negatively affected tuber larval performance by increasing the female larval developmental time and reducing the male pupal weight. In addition, aboveground herbivory increased α-chaconine and glycoalkaloids in tubers and α-solanine in leaves, but decreased α-chaconine and glycoalkaloids in leaves. Aboveground herbivory also altered the levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), as well as the C:N ratio in both leaves and tubers. Aboveground P. operculella infestations could affect the performance of conspecific larvae feeding on harvested tubers by inducing glycoalkaloids in the host plant. Our findings indicate that field leaf herbivory should be considered when assessing the quality of potato tubers and their responses to pests during storage.

Life table parameters of Iranian population, Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) fed on soybean leaves 

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Hassanvand ◽  
Shahriar Jafari ◽  
Masoumeh Khanjani
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Tetranychus Kanzawai ◽  
Life Table Parameters ◽  
Critical Temperatures

The effects of six ambient temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 37.5ºC) on life table parameters of Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Tetranychidae) were studied under laboratory conditions on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Total immature developmental time of females at the above-mentioned temperatures was 28.55, 16.34, 9.01, 6.96, 5.56 and 5.65 days, respectively. A linear and two nonlinear models of Lactin and SSI were fitted to developmental rate of immature stages of T. kanzawai to predict the developmental rate as a function of temperature, as well as to estimate the thermal constant (k) and critical temperatures. The estimated k for total immature developmental time of females and males was 134.58 and 126.74 DD, respectively. The estimated Topt and Tmax by Lactin model for overall immature stages were 36.20 and 40.70ºC, respectively. Intrinsic optimum temperature (TФ) and T1 (Topt) by SSI model for total immature stages was estimated to be 23.23 and 35.71ºC, respectively. Also the estimated TL and Th of SSI model for overall immature stage were 09.21 and 38.46ºC, respectively. The longest and shortest adult longevity was observed at 15°C (60.63 days), and 37.5°C (7.34 days), respectively. Mated females laid highest and lowest eggs at 25°C (237.96 eggs) and 37.5°C (30.54 eggs), respectively. The rm values ranged from 0.356 day-1 at 30°C to 0.089 day-1at 15°C. The highest value of R0 was 163.55 offspring female-1 at 25°C. The presented information in this study provided new perspective to better management of T. kanzawai on apple trees in Iran.

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