Effect of training on intrinsic and resting heart rate and plasma volume in young and old horses

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Betros ◽  
N.M. McKeever ◽  
H.C. Manso Filho ◽  
K. Malinowski ◽  
K.H. McKeever
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Young Horses ◽  
And Training

The chronic bradycardia seen in several species after intense exercise training may be due to autonomic mechanisms, non-autonomic mechanisms, such as increased pre-load, or a combination of the two. Thirteen, healthy, unfit Standardbred mares were split into two groups: young (age 12±1 yr; mean ± standard error, n=8) and old (age 22±1 yr, n=5) to test the hypothesis that there would be age and training related differences in resting heart rate (RHR), intrinsic heart rate (IHR), maximal heart rate (HRmax) and plasma volume (PV). Mares were trained 3 d/wk at 60% HRmax for 20 min and gradually increased to exercising 5 d/wk at 70% HRmax for 30 min and RHR, IHR, HRmax, and PV were measured prior to and after the 8 wk training period. There were no age related differences (P≯0.05) between young and old mares before (41±2 vs. 42±2 beats per minute (bpm); 86±5 vs. 80±4 bpm) or after training (35±1 vs. 34±1 bpm; 81±6 vs. 78±2 bpm) for RHR and IHR respectively. RHR was decreased (P<0.05) following training in both the young (41±2 vs. 35±1 bpm) and old mares (42±2 vs. 34±2 bpm). Training decreased IHR (P<0.05) in the young mares (86±5 vs. 81±6 bpm), but not (P≯0.05) the old mares (80±4 vs. 78±2 bpm). The young horses had a higher HRmax than the old horses (P<0.05) both before (216±5 vs. 200±4 bpm) and after training (218±3 vs. 197±5 bpm). Maximal heart rate was not altered after training (P≯0.05) in either young (216±5 vs. 218±3 bpm) or old (200±4 vs. 197±5 bpm) mares. The PV of the young mares was 15% higher before training and 32% higher after training when compared to the old mares (P<0.05). Training caused an increase in PV in young mares (+9%; P<0.05), but did not alter PV in old mares (-5%; P≯0.05). Training improved RHR in the young but not the old horses. The decrease in measured parameters in the young horses appears to be related to enhanced pre-load associated with a training-induced hypervolemia as well as changes in autonomic function.

Decline in VO2max with aging in master athletes and sedentary men

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 2195-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Rogers ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
W. H. Martin ◽  
A. A. Ehsani ◽  
J. O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Age Related ◽  
O2 Pulse ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

Fifteen well-trained master endurance athletes [62.0 +/- 2.3 (SE) yr] and 14 sedentary control subjects (61.4 +/- 1.4 yr) were reevaluated after an average follow-up period of approximately 8 yr to obtain information regarding the effects of physical activity on the age-related decline in maximal O2 uptake capacity (VO2max). The master athletes had been training for 10.2 +/- 2.9 yr before initial testing and continued to train during the follow-up period. The sedentary subjects' VO2max declined by an average of 3.3 ml.kg-1.min-1 (33.9 +/- 1.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 1.6, P less than 0.001) over the course of the study, a decline of 12% per decade. In these subjects maximal heart rate declined 8 beats/min (171 vs. 163) and maximal O2 pulse decreased from 0.20 to 0.18 ml.kg-1.beat (P less than 0.05). The master athletes' VO2 max decreased by an average of 2.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 (54.0 +/- 1.7 vs. 51.8 +/- 1.8, P less than 0.05), a 5.5% decline per decade. The master athletes' maximal heart rate was unchanged (171 +/- 3 beats/min) and their maximal O2 pulse decreased from 0.32 to 0.30 ml.kg-1.beat (P less than 0.05). These findings provide evidence that the age-related decrease in VO2max of master athletes who continue to engage in regular vigorous endurance exercise training is approximately one-half the rate of decline seen in age-matched sedentary subjects. Furthermore our results suggest that endurance exercise training may reduce the rate of decline in maximal heart rate that typically occurs as an individual ages.

Effect of smoking on cardiovascular autonomic functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3780-3784
Author(s):  
P.Vani ◽  
◽  
Sharan B Singh M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
T Test ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a prime risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking results in autonomic dysfunction leading to increased cardiovascular risk in smokers. The present study was planned to study the effect of smoking on the Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions among smokers. Materials and Methods: Fifty male subjects who were in the age group of 25 to 45 years. They were grouped into 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The participant subjects were selected among the staff members, residents and the patients from the routine OPD in SVIMS. Prior to study, they were informed about the procedure and the purpose of the study tests and written consents were obtained from them. The Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests were assessed by using a POLYGRAPH which was available in the department. Results and Conclusion: After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the BMI(i.e.p<0.01) and the para-sympathetic function tests among the smokers and the non – smokers(i.e.p<0.00). The Resting Heart Rate had significantly increased and the Deep breathing difference, the postural tachycardial index (Response to standing) and the Valsalva Ratio had significantly decreased in the smokers as compared to those in the non – smokers. After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the mean values of the Postural hypotension test (i.e. p>0.05) and that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the Sustained handgrip test in the smokers and the non – smokers (i.e. p<0.00). KEY WORDS: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests, Smoking, Resting heart rate.

Vagal function impairment after exercise training

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1749-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Negrao ◽  
E. D. Moreira ◽  
M. C. Santos ◽  
V. M. Farah ◽  
E. M. Krieger
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Function Impairment ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Vagal Function

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the vagal function of trained (T) and sedentary (S) rats by use of different approaches in the same animal. After 13 wk of exercise training (treadmill for 1 h 5 times/wk at 26.8 m/min and 15% grade), T rats had a resting heart rate (HR) slightly but significantly lower than S rats (299 +/- 3 vs. 308 +/- 3 beats/min). T rats had marked reduction of the intrinsic HR (329 +/- 4 vs. 369 +/- 5 beats/min) after blockade by methylatropine and propranolol. They also exhibited depressed vagal and sympathetic tonus. Baroreflex bradycardia (phenylephrine injections) was reduced, bradycardic responses produced by electrical stimulation of the vagus were depressed, and responses to methacholine injection were decreased in T rats. Therefore several evidences of vagal function impairment were observed in T rats. The resting bradycardia after exercise training is more likely to be dependent on alterations of the pacemaker cells, inasmuch as the intrinsic HR was markedly reduced.

Controlled 5-mo aerobic training improves heart rate but not heart rate variability or baroreflex sensitivity

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1825-1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Loimaala ◽  
Heikki Huikuri ◽  
Pekka Oja ◽  
Matti Pasanen ◽  
Ilkka Vuori
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Endurance Time ◽  
Low Intensity

Endurance-trained athletes have increased heart rate variability (HRV), but it is not known whether exercise training improves the HRV and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in sedentary persons. We compared the effects of low- and high-intensity endurance training on resting heart rate, HRV, and BRS. The maximal oxygen uptake and endurance time increased significantly in the high-intensity group compared with the control group. Heart rate did not change significantly in the low-intensity group but decreased significantly in the high-intensity group (−6 beats/min, 95% confidence interval; −10 to −1 beats/min, exercise vs. control). No significant changes occurred in either the time or frequency domain measures of HRV or BRS in either of the exercise groups. Exercise training was not able to modify the cardiac vagal outflow in sedentary, middle-aged persons.

scholarly journals Confirming Maximal Oxygen Uptake: Is Heart Rate the Answer?

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Keiller ◽  
Dan Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Age Related

AbstractThis study investigates heart rate (HR), in 11 young adults (22.4±3.21yr), at V̇O2max, to ascertain whether measured maximal heart rate (HRmax), as determined by a plateau in HR (HRplat), can reliably confirm V̇O2max. V̇O2max and HRplat were determined, using the parameters of a V̇O2≤50 ml•min−1 and a ∆HR≤2b•min−1, respectively, over the final 60 s of sampling. V̇O2 was also independently determined using a verification phase protocol. A HRplat was achieved by 91% of participants (∆HR=1.3±1b•min−1) and critically the time at which HRmax was reached coincided with that at which V̇O2max was achieved. Moreover RER and ΔRER criteria were reached significantly earlier (p<0.05) than V̇O2max, whilst age-related heart rate maximums (HRage), were not achieved by many participants. The results suggest that a HRplat ≤2 b•min−1 is a more accurate method, within the group tested, to determine whether a ‘true’ V̇O2max has been achieved, than other secondary criteria and potentially avoids the requirement for an additional verification phase.

Determination of minimal recording period to assess resting heart rate variability during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-436
Author(s):  
Danilo Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Shuhiba Mohammad ◽  
Kelly Ann Hutchinson ◽  
Kristi Bree Adamo
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Time Segment ◽  
Natural Logarithm ◽  
Resting Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Measurement Period

Traditionally, resting heart rate variability (rHRV) is measured for 10 min using the last 5 min for analyses (e.g., criterion period). It is unknown whether the measurement period can be shortened in pregnant women as there are currently no established standards. We aimed to compare shorter time segments (e.g., from the 1st to 10th minutes) of the parasympathetic index natural logarithm transformation of root mean square of successive R–R differences (Ln rMSSD) with the criterion period in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Twelve pregnant (age: 30.8 ± 3.4 years; gestational age: 20.1 ± 5.0 weeks) and 15 nonpregnant women (age: 29.8 ± 4.0 years) were included. rHRV was measured using a portable heart rate monitor for 10 min while sitting. Ln rMSSD difference/agreement between shorter time segments and criterion period was analyzed. The result observed between the 4th–5th minutes was the shortest time segment not different from/highly agreed with the criterion period in pregnant women (difference [95% confidence interval (CI)]: −0.10 [−0.22 to 0.02]/bias ± 1.96 × SD: −0.06 [−0.38 to 0.25]). In nonpregnant women, the 2nd–3rd-minute segment was the shortest with similar results (difference [95% CI]: −0.04 [−0.15 to 0.07]/bias ± 1.96 × SD: −0.03 [−0.39 to 0.32]). The Ln rMSSD was found to be stable from the 5th–10th minutes and the 3rd–10th minutes in pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively. A shortened rHRV assessment can increase its applicability in clinical/exercise-training settings. Novelty Ln rMSSD can be measured for 5 min in pregnant women, with the last 1-min segment analyzed. The last 1-min segment from 3 min can be used for rHRV measurement in nonpregnant women. The shortened rHRV assessment can facilitate its applicability in clinical/exercise-training settings.

Endurance exercise training has a minimal effect on resting heart rate: the HERITAGE study

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 829-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACK H. WILMORE ◽  
PHILIP R. STANFORTH ◽  
JACQUES GAGNON ◽  
ARTHUR S. LEON ◽  
D. C. RAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

scholarly journals Decreased maximal heart rate with aging is related to reduced β-adrenergic responsiveness but is largely explained by a reduction in intrinsic heart rate

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetra D. Christou ◽  
Douglas R. Seals
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Ganglionic Blockade ◽  
Intrinsic Heart Rate ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Capacity

A decrease in maximal exercise heart rate (HRmax) is a key contributor to reductions in aerobic exercise capacity with aging. However, the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. We sought to gain insight into the respective roles of intrinsic heart rate (HRint) and chronotropic β-adrenergic responsiveness in the reductions in HRmax with aging in healthy adults. HRmax (Balke treadmill protocol to exhaustion), HRint (HR during acute ganglionic blockade with intravenous trimethaphan), and chronotropic β-adrenergic responsiveness (increase in HR with incremental intravenous infusion of isoproterenol during ganglionic blockade) were determined in 15 older (65 ± 5 yr) and 15 young (25 ± 4 yr) healthy men. In the older men, HRmax was lower (162 ± 9 vs. 191 ± 11 beats/min, P < 0.0001) and was associated with a lower HRint (58 ± 7 vs. 83 ± 9 beats/min, P < 0.0001) and chronotropic β-adrenergic responsiveness (0.094 ± 0.036 vs. 0.154 ± 0.045 ΔHR/[isoproterenol]: P < 0.0001). Both HRint ( r = 0.87, P < 0.0001) and chronotropic β-adrenergic responsiveness ( r = 0.61, P < 0.0001) were positively related to HRmax. Accounting for the effects of HRint and chronotropic β-adrenergic responsiveness reduced the age-related difference in HRmax by 83%, rendering it statistically nonsignificant ( P = 0.2). Maximal oxygen consumption was lower in the older men (34.9 ± 8.1 vs. 48.6 ± 6.7 ml·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.0001) and was positively related to HRmax ( r = 0.62, P < 0.0001), HRint ( r = 0.51, P = 0.002), and chronotropic β-adrenergic responsiveness ( r = 0.47, P = 0.005). Our findings indicate that, together, reductions in HRint and chronotropic responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation largely explain decreases in HRmax with aging, with the reduction in HRint playing by far the greatest role.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fitness Status Variations of Under-16 Soccer Players Over a Season and Their Relationships With Maturational Status and Training Load

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Ana Filipa Silva ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Marefat Siahkouhian ◽  
Miguel Ángel García-Gordillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Maximal Speed ◽  
And Training

The purposes of this study were (i) to analyze the variations in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximal heart rate (HRmax), heart rate at rest, acceleration, maximal speed, agility, anaerobic sprint test (RAST) of peak power (RPP), RAST of minimum power, RAST of average power (RAP), and RAST of fatigue index (RFI) during the competitive season, using maturation status and accumulated training load as covariates, and (ii) to describe the differences between responders and non-responders in relation to baseline levels. Twenty-three elite players from the same team competing in the national under-16 competitions were evaluated for 20 weeks in period 1 (before league), middle (mid league), and period 2 (after league). The VO2max (p = 0.009), maximal speed (p = 0.001), RPP (p &lt; 0.001), RAP (p &lt; 0.001), and RFI (p &lt; 0.001) significantly changed across the assessment periods. Interestingly, using accumulated training load and maturation status as covariates revealed no statistical significance (p &gt; 0.05). When analyzing responders and non-responders, only HRmax (between periods 1 and 2) showed no differences between the groups. As a conclusion, it can be seen that accumulated training load and maturation status play an important role in the differences observed across the season. Thus, coaches should consider the importance of these two factors to carefully interpret fitness changes in their players and possibly adjust training decisions according to the maturation level of the players.

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