A comparison of several barefoot inspired footwear models in relation to barefoot and conventional running footwear

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sinclair ◽  
S.J. Hobbs ◽  
G. Currigan ◽  
P.J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Impact Parameters ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Rearfoot Eversion ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis

This study examined differences in kinetics and kinematics between barefoot and shod running, as well as between several barefoot inspired footwear models. Fifteen participants ran at 4.0 m/s ±5% in each footwear condition. Lower extremity kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes were measured using an eight camera motion analysis system alongside ground reaction force parameters. Impact parameters and joint kinematics were subsequently compared using repeated measures ANOVAs. The kinetic analysis revealed that, compared to the conventional footwear, impact parameters were significantly greater in the barefoot and more minimal in barefoot inspired footwear. Running barefoot and in the minimal barefoot inspired footwear was associated with increases in flexion parameters of the knee and ankle at footstrike in relation to the conventional footwear. Finally, the results indicated that the barefoot and minimal barefoot inspired footwear were associated with greater peak eversion magnitude when compared to the conventional footwear. This study suggests that in barefoot and more minimalist barefoot inspired footwear running is associated with impact kinetics and rearfoot eversion parameters, previously linked to an increased risk of overuse injury, when compared to conventional shod running.

The Stance Phase of Walking During Late Pregnancy

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle K. Lymbery ◽  
Wendy Gilleard
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate temporospatial and ground reaction force variables in the stance phase of walking during late pregnancy. An eight-camera motion-analysis system was used to record 13 pregnant women at 38 weeks’ gestation and again 8 weeks after birth. In late pregnancy, there was a wider step width, and mediolateral ground reaction force tended to be increased in a medial direction. The center of pressure moved more medially initially and less anteriorly at 100% of stance in late pregnancy. The differences suggest that women may adapt their gait to maximize stability in the stance phase of walking and to control mediolateral motion. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(3): 247–253, 2005)

scholarly journals Effects of shoes on kinetics and kinematics of the squash forward lunge in male players

Kinesiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Paul John Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Chronic Injuries ◽  
Tibial Acceleration ◽  
Analysis System

Squash is associated with a high incidence of chronic injuries. Currently there is a trend in many sports for players to select minimalist footwear. The aim of the current investigation was to examine the effects of squashspecific, running shoes and minimalist footwear on the kinetics and 3-D kinematics of the lunge movement in squash players. Twelve male squash players performed lunge movements whilst wearing minimalist, running shoe and squash-specific footwear. 3-D kinematics of the lower extremities were measured using an eightcamera motion analysis system alongside kinetic and tibial acceleration information which were obtained using a force platform and an accelerometer. Differences between footwear were examined using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The results show firstly that loading rate parameters were significantly greater in the minimalist (average = 85.36B.W/s and instantaneous = 179.09B.W/s) footwear in relation to the squashspecific (average = 38.66 B.W/s and instantaneous = 50.73B.W/s) and running footwear (average = 37.62B.W/s and instantaneous = 48.14B.W/s). In addition, tibial acceleration parameters were also significantly greater in the minimalist (peak tibial acceleration = 8.45 g and tibial acceleration slope = 422.28g/s) footwear in relation to the squash-specific (peak tibial acceleration = 4.33 g and tibial acceleration slope = 182.57g/s) and running footwear (peak tibial acceleration = 4.81 g and tibial acceleration slope = 226.72g/s). The significant increase in impact loading in the minimalist footwear therefore suggests this type of shoe may place squash players at an increased risk of developing impact-related chronic injuries.

Influence of cross-fit footwear on patellofemoral kinetics during running activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Sinclair ◽  
P.J. Taylor ◽  
B. Sant
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Joint Pathology ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics ◽  
Reduced Risk ◽  
Modelling Approach

The aim of this work was to examine the effects of barefoot, cross-fit, minimalist and conventional footwear on patellofemoral loading during running. Twelve cross-fit athletes ran at 4.0 m/s in each of the four footwear conditions. Lower limb kinematics were collected using an 8 camera motion analysis system and patellofemoral loading was estimated using a mathematical modelling approach. Differences between footwear were examined using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed the peak patellofemoral force and stress were significantly reduced when running barefoot (force = 3.42 BW & stress = 10.71 MPa) and in minimalist footwear (force = 3.73 BW & stress = 11.64 MPa) compared to conventional (force = 4.12 BW & stress = 12.69 MPa) and cross-fit (force = 3.97 BW & stress = 12.30 MPa) footwear. In addition, the findings also showed that patellofemoral impulse was significantly reduced when running barefoot (0.35 BW·s) and in minimalist footwear (0.36 BW·s) compared to conventional (0.42 BW·s) and cross-fit (0.38 BW·s) footwear. Given the proposed association between patellofemoral loading and patellofemoral disorders, the outcomes from the current investigation suggest that cross-fit athletes who select barefoot and minimalist footwear for their running activities may be at reduced risk from patellofemoral joint pathology in comparison to conventional and cross-fit footwear conditions.

scholarly journals Modelling of Muscle Force Distributions During Barefoot and Shod Running

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Stephen Atkins ◽  
Jim Richards ◽  
Hayley Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Barefoot Running ◽  
Chronic Injuries ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Hip Flexion

Abstract Research interest in barefoot running has expanded considerably in recent years, based around the notion that running without shoes is associated with a reduced incidence of chronic injuries. The aim of the current investigation was to examine the differences in the forces produced by different skeletal muscles during barefoot and shod running. Fifteen male participants ran at 4.0 m·s-1 (± 5%). Kinematics were measured using an eight camera motion analysis system alongside ground reaction force parameters. Differences in sagittal plane kinematics and muscle forces between footwear conditions were examined using repeated measures or Freidman’s ANOVA. The kinematic analysis showed that the shod condition was associated with significantly more hip flexion, whilst barefoot running was linked with significantly more flexion at the knee and plantarflexion at the ankle. The examination of muscle kinetics indicated that peak forces from Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis, Vastus lateralis, Tibialis anterior were significantly larger in the shod condition whereas Gastrocnemius forces were significantly larger during barefoot running. These observations provide further insight into the mechanical alterations that runners make when running without shoes. Such findings may also deliver important information to runners regarding their susceptibility to chronic injuries in different footwear conditions.

Comparison of Foot Pronation and Lower Extremity Rotation in Persons With and Without Patellofemoral Pain

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Powers ◽  
Pon-Yo Chen ◽  
Stephen F. Reischl ◽  
Jaquelin Perry
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Foot Pronation ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis ◽  
Female Subjects

Abnormal foot pronation and subsequent rotation of the lower extremity has been hypothesized as being contributory to patellofemoral pain (PFP). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that subjects with PFP would exhibit larger degrees of foot pronation, tibia internal rotation, and femoral internal rotation compared to individuals without PFP. Twenty-four female subjects with a diagnosis of PFP and 17 female subjects without PFP participated. Three-dimensional kinematics of the foot, tibia, and femur segments were recorded during self-selected free-walking trials using a six-camera motion analysis system (VICON). No group differences were found with respect to the magnitude and timing of peak foot pronation and tibia rotation. However, the PFP group demonstrated significantly less femur internal rotation compared the comparison group. These results do not support the hypothesis that individuals with PFP demonstrate excessive foot pronation or tibial internal rotation compared to nonpainful individuals. The finding of decreased internal rotation in the PFP group suggests that this motion may be a compensatory strategy to reduce the quadriceps angle.

scholarly journals A comparison of the free moment pattern between normal and hyper-pronated aligned feet in female subjects during the stance phase of gait

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Yazdani ◽  
M Razeghi ◽  
S Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Single Force ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Free Moment

Background: Excessive range of adductory free moment of the ground reaction force may potentially increase the risk of lower extremity injuries by applying a higher torsional load transmitted to the proximal parts.Objective: It was hypothesized that the free moment pattern might be different between hyper-pronated and normal feet subjects. Moreover, a correlation would exist between peak adduction free moment and peak ankle-foot complex abduction at the stance phase of walking.Methods: Thirty female participants were divided into two groups of asymptomatic hyper-pronated and normal feet. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected using a single force plate and a six-camera motion analysis system during three successful free speed walking trials. Ensemble average curves were extracted from the time normalized individual trials of the stance phase for both free moment and peak ankle-foot complex abduction parameters.Results: Significant differences in peak adductory free moment, peak ankle-foot complex eversion and peak ankle-foot complex abduction were found between normal and hyper-pronated groups (4.90±0.97Vs. 5.94±0.88, P < 0.01), (3.30±0.95Vs. 6.28±1.47, P < 0.01) and (4.52±1.16Vs. 8.23±2.52, P < 0.01, respectively).A significant positive correlation was found between the peak adduction free moment and peak ankle-foot complex abduction in both groups, which was more strongly positive in hyper-pronated group (r = 0.745, p < 0.01, normal group, r = 0.900, p < 0.01, hyper-pronated group).Conclusion: As a good measure of torque which is transmitted to the lower extremity, may free moment be a useful biomechanical indicator for both clinical and research purposes.

Dancers’ Joint Strategies for Achieving Turnout in Low and High Friction Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Rebekha Duncan ◽  
Catherine Wild ◽  
Leo Ng ◽  
Danica Hendry ◽  
Sarah Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Lumbar Extension ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis

BACKGROUND: Dancing with legs externally rotated (turnout) is a fundamental element of ballet technique. A reliance on floor friction to achieve turnout may contribute toward the high injury rate in dancers. Joint strategies used by dancers in high and low friction turnout conditions are not well understood. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the lower limb and lumbar spine joint strategies used by female pre-professional dancers to achieve turnout in low-friction (rotation discs) and high-friction (functional and forced) conditions. METHODS: Twenty-three pre-professional female dancers participated in the study. A 12-camera motion analysis system collected hip and knee external rotation (ER), ankle abduction, and lumbar extension angles in three turnout conditions and passive hip ER range of motion angles. Repeated measures ANOVA analysed the differences between joint angles, maximum turnout angle (foot relative to pelvis), and available hip ER. RESULTS: Dancers demonstrated lower knee ER (18.5±4.8°) and ankle abduction (6.0±7.7°) angles during low-friction turnout compared to higher friction conditions (p<0.05). Dancers utilised between 70–83% of available hip ER within all conditions. Low-friction turnout demonstrated greater hip ER contribution within maximum turnout (43%) compared to higher friction conditions. Dancers demonstrated greater lumbar extension angles in low-friction turnout compared to higher friction conditions (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Further hip ER strength training is required to promote greater hip ER range within the position. Rotation discs may be a valuable training tool as dancers demonstrated greater hip ER utilisation with less knee ER and ankle abduction; however, this position did promote undesirable lumbar extension.

scholarly journals Digital Filtering of Three-Dimensional Lower Extremity Kinematics: an Assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Paul John Taylor ◽  
Sarah Jane Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Filtering ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Optimal Frequency ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Kinematic Analyses ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Errors in kinematic data are referred to as noise and are an undesirable portion of any waveform. Noise is typically removed using a low-pass filter which removes the high frequency components of the signal. The selection of an optimal frequency cut-off is very important when processing kinematic information and a number of techniques exists for the determination of an optimal frequency cut-off. Despite the importance of cut-off frequency to the efficacy of kinematic analyses there is currently a paucity of research examining the influence of different cut-off frequencies on the resultant 3-D kinematic waveforms and discrete parameters. Twenty participants ran at 4.0 m•s-1 as lower extremity kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes were measured using an eight camera motion analysis system. The data were filtered at a range of cut-off frequencies and the discrete kinematic parameters were examined using repeated measures ANOVA’s. The similarity between the raw and filtered waveforms were examined using intra-class correlations. The results show that the cut-off frequency has a significant influence on the discrete kinematic measure across displacement and derivative information in all three planes of rotation. Furthermore, it was also revealed that as the cut-off frequency decreased the attenuation of the kinematic waveforms became more pronounced, particularly in the coronal and transverse planes at the second derivative. In conclusion, this investigation provides new information regarding the influence of digital filtering on lower extremity kinematics and re-emphasizes the importance of selecting the correct cut-off frequency.

The Influence of Different Force and Pressure Measuring Transducers on Lower Extremity Kinematics Measured During Running

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Sarah J. Hobbs ◽  
Paul J. Taylor ◽  
Graham Currigan ◽  
Andrew Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measuring Transducer ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis

In running analyses where both kinetic and kinematic information is recorded, participants are required to make foot contact with a force and/or pressure measuring transducer. Problems arise if participants modify their gait patterns to ensure contact with the device. There is currently a paucity of research investigating the influence of different underfoot kinetic measuring devices on 3-dimensional kinematics of running. Fifteen participants ran at 4.0 m/s in four different conditions: over a floor embedded force plate, Footscan, Matscan, and with no device. Three-dimensional angular kinematic parameters were collected using an eight camera motion analysis system. Hip, knee, and ankle joint kinematics were contrasted using repeated-measures ANOVAs. Participants also rated their subjective comfort in striking each of the three force measuring devices. Significant differences from the uninhibited condition were observed using the Footscan and Matscan in all three planes of rotation, whereas participants subjectively rated the force plate significantly more comfortable than either the Footscan/Matscan devices. The findings of the current investigation therefore suggest that the disguised floor embedded force plate offers the most natural running condition. It is recommended that analyses using devices such as the Footscan/Matscan mats overlying the laboratory surface during running should be interpreted with caution.

Late Rearfoot Eversion and Lower-limb Internal Rotation Caused by Changes in the Interaction between Forefoot and Support Surface

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thales R. Souza ◽  
Rafael Z. Pinto ◽  
Renato G. Trede ◽  
Renata N. Kirkwood ◽  
Antônio E. Pertence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Lateral Wedges ◽  
Rearfoot Eversion

Background: The influence of distal mechanical factors that change the interaction between the forefoot and the support surface on lower-limb kinematics is not well established. This study investigated the effects of the use of lateral wedges under the forefoot on the kinematics of the lower extremity during the stance phase of walking. Methods: Sixteen healthy young adults participated in this repeated-measures study. They walked wearing flat sandals and laterally wedged sandals, which were medially inclined only in the forefoot. One wedged sandal had a forefoot lateral wedge of 5° and the other wedged sandal had a forefoot lateral wedge of 10°. Kinematic variables of the lower extremity, theoretically considered clinically relevant for injury development, were measured with a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The variables were evaluated for three subphases of stance: loading response, midstance, and late stance. Results: The 5° laterally wedged sandal increased rearfoot eversion during midstance and the 10° laterally wedged sandal increased rearfoot eversion during mid- and late stances, in comparison to the use of flat sandals. The 10° laterally wedged sandal produced greater internal rotation of the shank relative to the pelvis and of the hip joint, during the midstance, also compared to the use of flat sandals. Conclusions: Lateral wedges under the forefoot increase rearfoot eversion during mid-and late stances and may cause proximal kinematic changes throughout the lower-extremity kinetic chain. Distal mechanical factors should be clinically addressed when a patient presents late excessive rearfoot eversion during walking. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(6): 503–511, 2009)

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