Physiological Changes, Proline, Total Protein, Protein Analysis and Potassium of the Sugar Beet Plants in Response to Beet Cyst Nematodes, Heterodera schachtii

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.R. Ghasempour ◽  
A.A. Hojat jala ◽  
A.R. Rangin
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Analysis ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes

Using a selective fast turn-around bioassay for population density determination of Heterodera schachtii

Nematology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabell Meinecke ◽  
Andreas Hermann ◽  
Andreas Westphal
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Soil Extraction ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Field Samples

In Central Europe, Heterodera schachtii is kept below threshold levels by cover-cropping with resistant crucifers and crop rotation with non-hosts. Determining population densities of H. schachtii in soil is critical when implementing resistant and tolerant sugar beet cultivars in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Soil extraction of the cysts followed by egg counts or extraction of the second-stage juveniles (J2) facilitated by the chemical stimulant acetox can be unsatisfactory in mixed field populations of cyst nematodes. In contrast to H. schachtii, nematodes typically present in sugar beet soils, e.g., Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, H. avenae, H. filipjevi, Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita and Pratylenchus penetrans, rarely penetrated radish roots. In this bioassay, equivalents of 50 g of soil dry weight were adjusted to 10-20% moisture, seeded with Raphanus sativus cv. Saxa 3, and incubated at a day-night (16:8 h) cycle of 28/23°C for 4 days before J2 in radish roots were enumerated. In different soil types, penetration by H. schachtii reflected the inoculation levels. When inoculated with mixes of H. schachtii with H. avenae or H. filipjevi, counts of H. schachtii were similar to those in soils with H. schachtii only. When comparing three methods in three soils spiked with H. schachtii cysts, the bioassay and the extraction method were lightly impacted by the soil texture but results of the acetox method varied with texture. When implemented for field samples from Franconia, the radish bioassay and the acetox method provided results related to cyst and egg extraction data. The radish bioassay provided a quick and easy method for quantifying H. schachtii in the presence of other nematode species in a wide range of soil types. Including this assay in IPM programmes may serve as an alternative to standard methods and will improve the decision making in sustainable production systems.

scholarly journals Development of a Species-Specific SCAR-PCR Assay for Direct Detection of Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode (Heterodera schachtii) from Infected Roots and Soil Samples

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1358
Author(s):  
Chen Jiang ◽  
Yingdong Zhang ◽  
Ke Yao ◽  
Sulaiman Abdulsalam ◽  
Guangkuo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Beet Cyst Nematode ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode

Sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN, Heterodera schachtii) is an important nematode that causes significant yield losses of 25–50% or more in most areas of sugar beet production worldwide. Rapid and accurate identification of this species is essential to support decisions on pest management. However, the difference between H. schachtii and other Heterodera spp. based on morphology is a challenging task. In the present study, a SCAR-PCR assay was developed to identify and differentiate H. schachtii in infected root and soil samples. H. schachtii-species-specific SCAR-PCR primers OPA06-HsF and OPA06-HsR were designed from the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker amplified with random primer OPA06. The developed primers specifically amplify a 922-bp fragment from the target populations but did not amplify DNA from non-target cyst nematodes including Heterodera, Globodera, Cactodera, and other related species tested in this study. The sensitivity detection indicated that 5 × 10−4 of a single cyst, 1/320 of a single second-stage juvenile (J2), or 10 pg of genomic DNA could be detected. The assay accurately identifies the different stages of H. schachtii in sugar beet and oilseed rape roots as well as a single J2 in 10 g of soil. Finally, the SCAR-PCR assay detected H. schachtii in seven samples out of the fifteen field samples. The assay will not only be useful for differentiating H. schachtii from mixed populations of Heterodera spp. but also for effective detection of the species directly from infested samples. The assay also requires no expertise in the taxonomy and morphology of the species but serves to improve the diagnosis of H. schachtii in infested fields.

scholarly journals Rapid and Visual Detection of Heterodera schachtii Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with Cas12a-Mediated Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12577
Author(s):  
Ke Yao ◽  
Deliang Peng ◽  
Chen Jiang ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Guangkuo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Recombinase Polymerase Amplification ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Field Samples

Heterodera schachtii is a well-known cyst nematode that causes serious economic losses in sugar beet production every year. Rapid and visual detection of H. schachtii is essential for more effective prevention and control. In this study, a species-specific recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) primer was designed from a specific H. schachtii sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. A band was obtained in reactions with DNA from H. schachtii, but absent from nontarget cyst nematodes. The RPA results could be observed by the naked eye, using a lateral flow dipstick (LFD). Moreover, we combined CRISPR technology with RPA to identify positive samples by fluorescence detection. Sensitivity analysis indicated that 10−4 single cysts and single females, 4−3 single second-stage juveniles, and a 0.001 ng genomic DNA template could be detected. The sensitivity of the RPA method for H. schachtii detection is not only higher than that of PCR and qPCR, but can also provide results in <1 h. Consequently, the RPA assay is a practical and useful diagnostic tool for early diagnosis of plant tissues infested by H. schachtii. Sugar beet nematodes were successfully detected in seven of 15 field sugar beet root samples using the RPA assay. These results were consistent with those achieved by conventional PCR, indicating 100% accuracy of the RPA assay in field samples. The RPA assay developed in the present study has the potential for use in the direct detection of H. schachtii infestation in the field.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF SUGAR BEET CYST NEMATODES IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF MACROECONOMIC AND CLIMATIC CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 409-413
Author(s):  
Perevertin ◽  
Belolubtsev ◽  
Vasiliev
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
Important Challenge

In this work, the current state of infection of the cultivated areas of sugar beet farms with the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is considered. After the systemic crisis of agricultural production in the early 90th, the practice of operating Russian sugar factories not using domestic (sugar beet) but imported (cane) raw materials was widespread. For many years, in the absence of a host plant in the fields, the population density of highly specialized phytohelminths naturally decreased to an economically imperceptible level. However, in accordance with the principle of irreversibility of soil biocontamination of agroecosystems, the nematode retained its presence due to the mechanisms of mesobiosis and the maintenance of the population on reserve weeds. After the strategic course taken in 2014 towards import substitution, sugar beet areas (usually around sugar factories) returned to the main crop, and in 2018, for the first time in its history, Russia even became a sugar exporting country. However, the technological regulations of the USSR, mostly crop rotations were not observed and the nematode problem was again actualized, first of all, in the Chernozem and Krasnodar region. The proposed model of the dynamics of the population density of the nematodes, depending on the cultivated crop, makes it possible to assess the ecological and economic consequences of disturbed crop rotation, taking into account the conjuncture of the world food market. Climate change is another important challenge to be considered in the assessment of the nematode problem. Along with the noted increase in the bioclimatic potential of a number of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation, the development of the parasite during the growing season can occur not in three generations with a reduced fourth, but with a full cycle for the fourth generation.

Breeding and usage of sugar beet cultivars and hybrids resistant to sugar beet nematode Heterodera schachtii

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pylypenko ◽  
K. Kalatur
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice

Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 is one of the most economically important pests of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) worldwide. It is also widespread in most sugar beet growing regions in Ukraine causing serious yield reduction and decreasing sugar content of sugar beet in infested fi elds. An advanced parasitic strategy of H. schachtii is employed to support nematode growth, reproduction and harmfulness. In intensive agriculture systems the nematode control measures heavily rely on nematicides and good agricultural practice (crop rota- tion in the fi rst place). But alternative strategies based on nematode resistant sugar beet cultivars and hybrids are required as none of nematicides approved for the open fi eld application are registered in Ukraine. Here we review the achievements and problems of breeding process for H. schachtii resistance and provide the results of national traditional breeding program. Since the beginning of 1980s fi ve sugar beet cultivars (Verchnyatskyi 103, Yaltuschkivska 30, Bilotcerkivska 45, BTs-40 and Yuvileynyi) and seventeen lines partly resistant or toler- ant to H. schachtii have been obtained throughout targeted crossing and progenies assessment in the infested fi elds. The further directions for better utilization of genetic sources for nematode resistance presented in na- tional gene bank collection are emphasized. There is a need for more accurate identifi cation of resistance genes, broader application of reliable molecular markers (suitable for marker-assisted selection of nematode resistant plants in the breeding process) and methods for genetic transformation of plants. Crop cash value and national production capacity should drive the cooperation in this fi eld. Knowledge as well as germplasm exchange are thereby welcomed that can benefi t breeding progress at national and international level.

scholarly journals A miniaturized optoelectronic biosensor for real-time point-of-care total protein analysis.

MethodsX ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 101414
Author(s):  
Ophir Vermesh ◽  
Fariah Mahzabeen ◽  
Jelena Levi ◽  
Marilyn Tan ◽  
Israt S. Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Protein Analysis ◽  
Time Point

scholarly journals Toward genetic modification of plant-parasitic nematodes: delivery of macromolecules to adults and expression of exogenous mRNA in second stage juveniles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Kranse ◽  
Helen Beasley ◽  
Sally Adams ◽  
Andre Pires-daSilva ◽  
Christopher Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
The Body ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes are a continuing threat to food security, causing an estimated 100 billion USD in crop losses each year. The most problematic are the obligate sedentary endoparasites (primarily root knot nematodes and cyst nematodes). Progress in understanding their biology is held back by a lack of tools for functional genetics: forward genetics is largely restricted to studies of natural variation in populations and reverse genetics is entirely reliant on RNA interference. There is an expectation that the development of functional genetic tools would accelerate the progress of research on plant-parasitic nematodes, and hence the development of novel control solutions. Here, we develop some of the foundational biology required to deliver a functional genetic tool kit in plant-parasitic nematodes. We characterize the gonads of male Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne hapla in the context of spermatogenesis. We test and optimize various methods for the delivery, expression, and/or detection of exogenous nucleic acids in plant-parasitic nematodes. We demonstrate that delivery of macromolecules to cyst and root knot nematode male germlines is difficult, but possible. Similarly, we demonstrate the delivery of oligonucleotides to root knot nematode gametes. Finally, we develop a transient expression system in plant-parasitic nematodes by demonstrating the delivery and expression of exogenous mRNA encoding various reporter genes throughout the body of H. schachtii juveniles using lipofectamine-based transfection. We anticipate these developments to be independently useful, will expedite the development of genetic modification tools for plant-parasitic nematodes, and ultimately catalyze research on a group of nematodes that threaten global food security.

How do nematodes get their sweets? Solute supply to sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofmann ◽  
Florian Grundler
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Inorganic Solutes ◽  
Nematode Development

AbstractSedentary cyst and root-knot nematodes withdraw large amounts of solutes from feeding structures induced in host roots. The feeding structures are specialised cells with a high metabolic activity and a tremendous capacity in translocation of nutrients. The required nutrients are provided by the plant transport systems – water and inorganic solutes from the xylem, assimilates such as sugars and amino acids from the phloem. Here we discuss the available data on the mechanisms by which nutrients are translocated into the nematode feeding sites. The interaction between Heterodera schachtii and Arabidopsis thaliana serves as a model system for cyst nematodes. In this case sufficient data are available to propose a conclusive concept for the mechanisms of nutrient flow: basically, in the early stages of nematode development syncytia are symplasmically isolated, so that transport proteins are responsible for the nutrient supply. Later, connections to the phloem via plasmodesmata are established, so that developing females are well supplied with assimilates. The interactions of root-knot nematodes with their hosts share a number of similarities but the data currently available are not sufficient to draw similar conclusions. As nutrient supply and functionality of feeding structures are the basis of biotrophic parasitism of sedentary nematodes, it is tempting to unravel the mechanisms by which both plant and nematodes influence each other via nutrient fluxes.

Further Observations on the Morphology of Heterodera schachtii, with Remarks on the Bionomics of a strain attacking Mangolds in Britain

1929 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie J. Triffitt
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Comparative Survey

In a previous publication the morphological characters of a strain of H. schachtii specialised on the potato in Lincolnshire were discussed. The size and shape of the brown cysts, size of the eggs and first stage larvæ and the general characters of the adult males of this strain were compared with those of a strain attacking potatoes in Rostock, Mecklenburg, for which the specific name H. rostochiensis was suggested by Wollenweber 1923.Considerable dimensional variations were found to exist in the Lincolnshire strain, and a study of the literature on the morphological characters of H. schachtii specialised on sugar-beet and oats, showed equally wide divergencies between the findings of different workers. A certain amount of preserved material of infected roots of beet and oats being available to the writer, as many developmental stages as possible were extracted from these, on which similar morphological studies were carried out. Thus a fairly complete comparative survey of H. schachtii specialised on beet, oats and potatoes was completed, and the morphological variations between the strains were found to be insufficient to justify the separation of the strain specialised on potato from those on beet and oats. The name H. rostochicnsis was, therefore, deemed a synonym for H. schachtii.

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