scholarly journals Value recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review on technologies, environmental impacts, economics, and supply chain

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-184
Author(s):  
Majid Alipanah ◽  
◽  
Apurba Kumar Saha ◽  
Ehsan Vahidi ◽  
Hongyue Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Value Recovery ◽  
Spent Libs

<abstract> <p>The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has surged in recent years, owing to their excellent electrochemical performance and increasing adoption in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. As a result, the expectation is that the primary supply of LIB materials (e.g., lithium, cobalt, and nickel) will be insufficient to satisfy the demand in the next five years, creating a significant supply risk. Value recovery from spent LIBs could effectively increase the critical materials supply, which will become increasingly important as the number of spent LIBs grows. This paper reviews recent studies on developing novel technologies for value recovery from spent LIBs. The existing literature focused on hydrometallurgical-, pyrometallurgical-, and direct recycling, and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated in this paper. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment have quantified the economic and environmental benefits of LIB reuse over recycling, highlighting the research gap in LIB reuse technologies. The study also revealed challenges associated with changing battery chemistry toward less valuable metals in LIB manufacturing (e.g., replacing cobalt with nickel). More specifically, direct recycling may be impractical due to rapid technology change, and the economic and environmental incentives for recycling spent LIBs will decrease. As LIB collection constitutes a major cost, optimizing the reverse logistics supply chain is essential for maximizing the economic and environmental benefits of LIB recovery. Policies that promote LIB recovery are reviewed with a focus on Europe and the United States. Policy gaps are identified and a plan for sustainable LIB life cycle management is proposed.</p> </abstract>

Countercurrent leaching of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1358-1366
Author(s):  
Yang Jian ◽  
Lai Yanqing ◽  
Liu Fangyang ◽  
Jia Ming ◽  
Jiang Liangxing
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Avrami Equation ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Spent Libs

This study focuses on a countercurrent leaching process (CLP) for the dissolution of high-value metals from cathode active material of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Its main aim is to improve the effective utilization of acid during leaching and allow for the continuous operation of the entire CLP by adjusting the process parameters. The overall recovery of lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) was 98%, 95%, 95%, and 92%, respectively; the acid utilization of the leaching process exceeded 95% under optimum conditions. The optimum conditions for first stage leaching were 70 g/L solid–liquid (S/L) ratio at 40°C for 30 minutes, and 2.0 M sulfuric acid, 100 g/L S/L ratio, 7 g/L starch, at 85°C for 120 minutes for second stage leaching. After five bouts of circulatory leaching, more than 98% Li, 95% Co, 95% Ni, and 92% Mn were leached under the same leaching conditions. Furthermore, we introduced the Avrami equation to describe metal leaching kinetics from spent LIBs, and determined that the second stage leaching process was controlled by the diffusion rate. In this way, Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can be recovered efficiently and the excess acid in the leachate can be reused in this hydrometallurgical process, potentially offering economic and environmental benefits.

scholarly journals A review on management of spent lithium ion batteries and strategy for resource recycling of all components from them

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxuan Zhang ◽  
Chengjian Xu ◽  
Wenzhi He ◽  
Guangming Li ◽  
Juwen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Resource Recycling ◽  
Industrial Implementation ◽  
The World ◽  
Spent Libs

The wide use of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has brought great numbers of discarded LIBs, which has become a common problem facing the world. In view of the deleterious effects of spent LIBs on the environment and the contained valuable materials that can be reused, much effort in many countries has been made to manage waste LIBs, and many technologies have been developed to recycle waste LIBs and eliminate environmental risks. As a review article, this paper introduces the situation of waste LIB management in some developed countries and in China, and reviews separation technologies of electrode components and refining technologies of LiCoO2 and graphite. Based on the analysis of these recycling technologies and the structure and components characteristics of the whole LIB, this paper presents a recycling strategy for all components from obsolete LIBs, including discharge, dismantling, and classification, separation of electrode components and refining of LiCoO2/graphite. This paper is intended to provide a valuable reference for the management, scientific research, and industrial implementation on spent LIBs recycling, to recycle all valuable components and reduce the environmental pollution, so as to realize the win–win situation of economic and environmental benefits.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF CHARGING AND DISCHARGE SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE COMPLEX APPLICABLE FOR CHECKING BATTERIES OF SPACE VEHICLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5(74)) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
N.V. Suharev
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Hardware Complex ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Charge Discharge

Problem statement: Currently, there is a need in the space industry to actively improve the characteristics of battery batteries, the use of new types of batteries for power supply systems of spacecraft leads to a constant demand to improve the control and verification equipment (CPA). Depending on the improvement of storage batteries (AB) for spacecraft, the requirements for electrical inspections and control and verificationequipment were gradually changed. With the advent of lithium-ion batteries for spacecraft, there was a need to develop and manufacture a charge-discharge hardware and software complex (ZRPAK). The charge-discharge hardware-software complex designed to work as a charger-bit complex to work with AB spacecraft for all ground operation phases, to verify compliance of the electrical characteristics of the AB to the specified requirements, conduct incoming inspection and Autonomous tests of AB on the manufacturer of the spacecraft. The advantages and disadvantages of the previously developed and currently used control and verification equipment are analyzed. The electrical characteristics of the KPA of all generations of development are summarized in the table. Based on the analysis of the development of batteries, trends in the development of control and verification equipment and the fact that all spacecraft of new developments will use only lithium-ion batteries, the requirements for a promising fifth-generation ZRPAK are formulated. The following requirements are applied to the fifth-generation charge-discharge software and hardware complex: increase the charge-discharge voltage to 150 V; increase the charge -discharge current to 150 A; introduce devices for pre-charge-pre-discharge of the battery into the KPA; increase the accuracy of measuring the voltage of each battery; provide remote operation from the control PC; writing cyclograms; logging and subsequent viewing of all test data

scholarly journals Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Merging Recycling Methods for Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6263
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Zhou ◽  
Yiming Lai ◽  
Qin Peng ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Life Cycle Impact ◽  
Regeneration Phase ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Method

An urgent demand for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is expected in the forthcoming years due to the rapid growth of electrical vehicles (EV). To address these issues, various technologies such as the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical method, as well as the newly developed in-situ roasting reduction (in-situ RR) method were proposed in recent studies. This article firstly provides a brief review on these emerging approaches. Based on the overview, a life cycle impact of these methods for recovering major component from one functional unit (FU) of 1 t spent EV LIBs was estimated. Our results showed that in-situ RR exhibited the lowest energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 4833 MJ FU−1 and 1525 kg CO2-eq FU−1, respectively, which only accounts for ~23% and ~64% of those for the hydrometallurgical method with citric acid leaching. The H2O2 production in the regeneration phase mainly contributed the overall impact for in-situ RR. The transportation distance for spent EV LIBs created a great hurdle to the reduction of the life cycle impact if the feedstock was transported by a 3.5–7.5 t lorry. We therefore suggest further optimization of the spatial distribution of the recycling facilities and reduction in the utilization of chemicals.

Optimization for a Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium-ion Batteries

ATZ worldwide ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Andreas Bärmann ◽  
Lucia Bäuml ◽  
Alexander Martin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document