regeneration phase
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. S. Chan ◽  
Mark K. J. Ooi ◽  
Lydia K. Guja

Ploidy and species range size or threat status have been linked to variation in phenotypic and phenological seed and seedling traits, including seed size, germination rate (speed) and seedling stature. There is surprisingly little known about the ecological outcomes of relationships between ploidy, key plant traits and the drivers of range size. Here we determined whether ploidy and range size in Pomaderris, a genus of shrubs that includes many threatened species, are associated with variation in seed and seedling traits that might limit the regeneration performance of obligate seeders in fire-prone systems. We experimentally quantified seed dormancy and germination processes using fire-related heat treatments and evaluated seedling performance under drought stress. We also examined the association of seed size with other seed and seedling traits. Polyploids had bigger seeds, a faster germination rate and larger and taller seedlings than diploids. There was a lack of any clear relationship between range size and seed or seedling traits. The ploidy effects observed for many traits are likely to be indirect and associated with the underlying seed size differences. These findings indicate that there is a higher potential competitive advantage in polyploid than diploid Pomaderris during regeneration, a critical stage in the post-fire environment. This insight to the regeneration phase may need to be considered when planning and prioritising management of threatened species.


Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
Fu-Chao Liu ◽  
Huang-Ping Yu ◽  
Chia-Chih Liao ◽  
An-Hsun Chou ◽  
Hung-Chen Lee

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the major cause of drug-induced liver injury and acute liver failure. Approximately 10% of APAP is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) into toxic N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). CYP2E1 also contributes to ethanol metabolism, especially during conditions of high blood ethanol concentration. Acute and chronic ethanol consumption appears to have opposite effects on APAP-induced liver injury. We determined the effects of different doses, pre- and post-treatment, and various schedules of ethanol exposure in APAP-induced liver injury. Treatment with ethanol (0.5 g/kg) after 1 h of APAP (300 mg/kg) administration decreased serum ALT levels, histopathological features, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, ethanol treatment 1 h after APAP treatment reduced APAP-induced liver injury compared with later administration. Interestingly, ethanol pretreatment did not provide any protective effect. Furthermore, ethanol treatment was associated with a significant decrease in ERK and AKT phosphorylation during the acute injury phase. Ethanol exposure also increased CYP2E1 expression and decreased PCNA expression during the liver regeneration phase.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6263
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Zhou ◽  
Yiming Lai ◽  
Qin Peng ◽  
Jun Li

An urgent demand for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is expected in the forthcoming years due to the rapid growth of electrical vehicles (EV). To address these issues, various technologies such as the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical method, as well as the newly developed in-situ roasting reduction (in-situ RR) method were proposed in recent studies. This article firstly provides a brief review on these emerging approaches. Based on the overview, a life cycle impact of these methods for recovering major component from one functional unit (FU) of 1 t spent EV LIBs was estimated. Our results showed that in-situ RR exhibited the lowest energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 4833 MJ FU−1 and 1525 kg CO2-eq FU−1, respectively, which only accounts for ~23% and ~64% of those for the hydrometallurgical method with citric acid leaching. The H2O2 production in the regeneration phase mainly contributed the overall impact for in-situ RR. The transportation distance for spent EV LIBs created a great hurdle to the reduction of the life cycle impact if the feedstock was transported by a 3.5–7.5 t lorry. We therefore suggest further optimization of the spatial distribution of the recycling facilities and reduction in the utilization of chemicals.


Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1748
Author(s):  
Xiuyong Shi ◽  
Degang Jiang ◽  
Qiwei Wang ◽  
Yunfang Liang

In the application of DPFs (diesel particulate filters), temperature prediction and control technology during the regeneration phase has always been a great challenge, which directly affects the safety and performance of diesel vehicles. In this study, based on theoretical analysis and sample gas bench test results, a one-dimensional simulation model is built with GT-POWER software. The effects of soot loading quantity and oxygen concentration on regeneration temperature performance are studied. Simulation results show that, when the soot loading quantity exceeds 46 g (12.7 g/L), the maximum temperature inside DPF during the regeneration phase would be higher than 800 °C, and the risk of burning crack would be high. When the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas is low (lower than 7%), the fuel injected into exhaust gas fails to give off enough heat, and the exhaust gas temperature fails to reach the target regeneration temperature, hydrocarbon emission could be found from the DPF outlet position; when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas reaches 7% or above, the DPF inlet temperature could reach the target temperature, accompanied by less hydrocarbon emission. Combined with the simulation results, engine test bench validation was carried out. The results show that the simulation results and test results agree well.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1329
Author(s):  
Timo Saksa ◽  
Jori Uusitalo ◽  
Harri Lindeman ◽  
Esko Häyrynen ◽  
Sampo Kulju ◽  
...  

Precision forestry—i.e., the division of a stand to smaller units and managing of the stand at a micro-stand level—provides new possibilities to increase forest growth, arrange forest stand structure and enhance forest health. In the regeneration phase by adjusting the tree species selection, soil preparation, intensity of regeneration measures (method, planting density, and material), and young stand management procedures according to precise information on soil properties (e.g., site fertility, wetness, and soil type) and microtopography will inevitably lead to an increase in growth of the whole stand. A new approach to utilizing harvester data to delineate micro-stands inside a large forest stand and to deciding the tree species to plant for each micro-stand was piloted in central Finland. The case stands were situated on Finsilva Oyj forest property. The calculation of the local growth (m3/ha/year) for each 16 × 16-m grid cell was based on the height of the dominant trees and the stand age of the previous tree generation. Tree heights and geoinformation were collected during cutting operation as the harvester data, and the dominant height was calculated as the mean of the three largest stems in each grid cell. The stand age was obtained from the forest management plan. The estimated local growth (average of nine neighboring grid cells) varied from 3 to 14 m3/ha/year in the case stands. When creating micro-stands, neighboring grid cells with approximately the same local growth were merged. The minimum size for an acceptable micro-stand was set to 0.23 ha. In this case study, tree species selection (Scots pine or Norway spruce) was based on the mean growth of each micro-stand. Different threshold values, varying from 6 to 8 m3/ha/year, were tested for tree species change, and they led to different solutions in the delineation of micro-stands. Further stand development was simulated with the Motti software and the net present values (NPVs (3%)) for the next rotation were estimated for different micro-stand solutions. The mixed Norway spruce–Scots pine stand structure never produced a clearly economically inferior solution compared to the single species stand, and in one case out of six, it provided a distinctly better solution in terms of NPV (3%) than the single species option did. Our case study showed that this kind of method could be used as a decision support tool at the regeneration phase.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Swantje Christin Häger ◽  
Catarina Dias ◽  
Stine Lauritzen Sønder ◽  
André Vidas Olsen ◽  
Isabelle da Piedade ◽  
...  

AbstractPlasma membrane repair mechanisms are activated within seconds post-injury to promote rapid membrane resealing in eukaryotic cells and prevent cell death. However, less is known about the regeneration phase that follows and how cells respond to injury in the short-term. Here, we provide a genome-wide study into the mRNA expression profile of MCF-7 breast cancer cells exposed to injury by digitonin, a mild non-ionic detergent that permeabilizes the plasma membrane. We focused on the early transcriptional signature and found a time-dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed (> twofold, P < 0.05) genes (34, 114 and 236 genes at 20-, 40- and 60-min post-injury, respectively). Pathway analysis highlighted a robust and gradual three-part transcriptional response: (1) prompt activation of immediate-early response genes, (2) activation of specific MAPK cascades and (3) induction of inflammatory and immune pathways. Therefore, plasma membrane injury triggers a rapid and strong stress and immunogenic response. Our meta-analysis suggests that this is a conserved transcriptome response to plasma membrane injury across different cell and injury types. Taken together, our study shows that injury has profound effects on the transcriptome of wounded cells in the regeneration phase (subsequent to membrane resealing), which is likely to influence cellular status and has been previously overlooked.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4917
Author(s):  
Beata Bąk ◽  
Jakub Wilk ◽  
Piotr Artiemjew ◽  
Jerzy Wilde

American foulbrood is a dangerous disease of bee broods found worldwide, caused by the Paenibacillus larvae larvae L. bacterium. In an experiment, the possibility of detecting colonies of this bacterium on MYPGP substrates (which contains yeast extract, Mueller-Hinton broth, glucose, K2HPO4, sodium pyruvate, and agar) was tested using a prototype of a multi-sensor recorder of the MCA-8 sensor signal with a matrix of six semiconductors: TGS 823, TGS 826, TGS 832, TGS 2600, TGS 2602, and TGS 2603 from Figaro. Two twin prototypes of the MCA-8 measurement device, M1 and M2, were used in the study. Each prototype was attached to two laboratory test chambers: a wooden one and a polystyrene one. For the experiment, the strain used was P. l. larvae ATCC 9545, ERIC I. On MYPGP medium, often used for laboratory diagnosis of American foulbrood, this bacterium produces small, transparent, smooth, and shiny colonies. Gas samples from over culture media of one- and two-day-old foulbrood P. l. larvae (with no colonies visible to the naked eye) and from over culture media older than 2 days (with visible bacterial colonies) were examined. In addition, the air from empty chambers was tested. The measurement time was 20 min, including a 10-min testing exposure phase and a 10-min sensor regeneration phase. The results were analyzed in two variants: without baseline correction and with baseline correction. We tested 14 classifiers and found that a prototype of a multi-sensor recorder of the MCA-8 sensor signal was capable of detecting colonies of P. l. larvae on MYPGP substrate with a 97% efficiency and could distinguish between MYPGP substrates with 1–2 days of culture, and substrates with older cultures. The efficacy of copies of the prototypes M1 and M2 was shown to differ slightly. The weighted method with Canberra metrics (Canberra.811) and kNN with Canberra and Manhattan metrics (Canberra. 1nn and manhattan.1nn) proved to be the most effective classifiers.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markos Kuma ◽  
Simon Shibru

Abstract BackgroundThe forest resources of the Humbo Carbon Project have ecological and environmental problems such as soil degradation, soil erosion and alteration of natural resources are some of the negative effects resulting from the destruction of forests Our present study was carried out to investigate regeneration status and dynamics of populations of woody species in Bola Wanche forest of Humbo Carbon Project Wolaita zone, Ethiopia. Methods and ResultsThirty-two (20m x 20m) plots were laid at an interval of 100m to collect vegetation data. In each plot, five 1m 2 quadrats were laid to assess regeneration status. DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) of each woody species with DBH ≥2.5cm was measured. Altitude, aspect and slope of each plot were recorded. Among 61 woody species representing 56 genera and 35 families, Syzygium guineense and Dodonaea angustifolia were the most dominant. There was significant difference in the dominance (p < 0.0001) of species between plots. Inverted J-shape and bell-shape population distribution patterns were recognized. The regeneration phase was dominated by D. angustifolia. Only 36% of the species in matured vegetation was represented in seedling phase. Environmental factors considered in this study were not influenced abundance of species and individuals between plots. But when dominant species evaluated separately, altitude had significant influence on abundance of S. guineense and Combretum molle while aspect on C. molle and Terminalia schimperiana. But no factor had influenced abundance of D. angustifolia. ConclusionThe study concluded the abundance and dominance of few families and species, prevalence of small size populations and fair regeneration of forest. This may indicate that the forest is in its early secondary successional stage and need high intention of conservation and management.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Agung Astuti ◽  
Darmawan Suryo Sudarsono ◽  
Agus Prabowo

The research objectives were to observe the growth and spore production of Metarhizium anisopliae grown at wheat-pollard and wheat-brand and to test the M. anisopliae pathogenicity on instar III rhinoceros beetle larva of coconut pest (Oryctes rhinoceros, L.). The research were executed in 3 phases : (1) Regeneration phase of  M. anisopliae, the experiment was arranged in single factor CRD with 3 kinds of wheat and 3  replications. The influences of the treatments on biomass, spore number and spore viability were observed then; (2) lethal dosage (LD50) determination phase; and (3) phatogenicity test of M. anisopliae, the experiment was arranged in 3 x 3 factorial CRD, where the first factor was the kinds of wheat (i.e. Pollard, Brand and Pollard Brand) and the second factor was the dosage of biopesticide (i.e. 0,5 LD50 LD50  and 2 LD50). The phatogenicity testing was conducted to evaluate the effects on toxicity, mortality speed, and effication percentage. The result indicated that the wheat-brand was the better medium for M. Anisopliae than the pollard and the pollard-brand ones. The average spore number (1021,67 x 1014  spora/ml), biomass (95,94 g) and the viability (127,00 x 108 spora/ml) were significantly higher than the others.  The lethal dosage obtained was 6,70g to gave the mortality percentage (73,33 %) and the effication percentage (73,33 %) significantly higher than the other treatments.


Author(s):  
Alexander Pekarsky ◽  
Melanie Reininger ◽  
Oliver Spadiut

AbstractTechnical failures lead to deviations in process parameters that can exceed studied process boundaries. The impact on cell and target protein is often unknown. However, investigations on common technical failures might yield interesting insights into process and protein robustness. Recently, we published a study on the impact of technical failures on an inclusion body process that showed high robustness due to the inherent stability of IBs. In this follow-up study, we investigated the influence of technical failures during production of two soluble, cytosolic proteins in E. coli BL21(DE3). Cell physiology, productivity and protein quality were analyzed, after technical failures in aeration, substrate supply, temperature and pH control had been triggered. In most cases, cell physiology and productivity recovered during a subsequent regeneration phase. However, our results highlight that some technical failures lead to persistent deviations and affect the quality of purified protein.


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