Countercurrent leaching of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1358-1366
Author(s):  
Yang Jian ◽  
Lai Yanqing ◽  
Liu Fangyang ◽  
Jia Ming ◽  
Jiang Liangxing
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Avrami Equation ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Spent Libs

This study focuses on a countercurrent leaching process (CLP) for the dissolution of high-value metals from cathode active material of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Its main aim is to improve the effective utilization of acid during leaching and allow for the continuous operation of the entire CLP by adjusting the process parameters. The overall recovery of lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) was 98%, 95%, 95%, and 92%, respectively; the acid utilization of the leaching process exceeded 95% under optimum conditions. The optimum conditions for first stage leaching were 70 g/L solid–liquid (S/L) ratio at 40°C for 30 minutes, and 2.0 M sulfuric acid, 100 g/L S/L ratio, 7 g/L starch, at 85°C for 120 minutes for second stage leaching. After five bouts of circulatory leaching, more than 98% Li, 95% Co, 95% Ni, and 92% Mn were leached under the same leaching conditions. Furthermore, we introduced the Avrami equation to describe metal leaching kinetics from spent LIBs, and determined that the second stage leaching process was controlled by the diffusion rate. In this way, Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can be recovered efficiently and the excess acid in the leachate can be reused in this hydrometallurgical process, potentially offering economic and environmental benefits.

scholarly journals Value recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review on technologies, environmental impacts, economics, and supply chain

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-184
Author(s):  
Majid Alipanah ◽  
◽  
Apurba Kumar Saha ◽  
Ehsan Vahidi ◽  
Hongyue Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Value Recovery ◽  
Spent Libs

<abstract> <p>The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has surged in recent years, owing to their excellent electrochemical performance and increasing adoption in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. As a result, the expectation is that the primary supply of LIB materials (e.g., lithium, cobalt, and nickel) will be insufficient to satisfy the demand in the next five years, creating a significant supply risk. Value recovery from spent LIBs could effectively increase the critical materials supply, which will become increasingly important as the number of spent LIBs grows. This paper reviews recent studies on developing novel technologies for value recovery from spent LIBs. The existing literature focused on hydrometallurgical-, pyrometallurgical-, and direct recycling, and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated in this paper. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment have quantified the economic and environmental benefits of LIB reuse over recycling, highlighting the research gap in LIB reuse technologies. The study also revealed challenges associated with changing battery chemistry toward less valuable metals in LIB manufacturing (e.g., replacing cobalt with nickel). More specifically, direct recycling may be impractical due to rapid technology change, and the economic and environmental incentives for recycling spent LIBs will decrease. As LIB collection constitutes a major cost, optimizing the reverse logistics supply chain is essential for maximizing the economic and environmental benefits of LIB recovery. Policies that promote LIB recovery are reviewed with a focus on Europe and the United States. Policy gaps are identified and a plan for sustainable LIB life cycle management is proposed.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals A review on management of spent lithium ion batteries and strategy for resource recycling of all components from them

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxuan Zhang ◽  
Chengjian Xu ◽  
Wenzhi He ◽  
Guangming Li ◽  
Juwen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Resource Recycling ◽  
Industrial Implementation ◽  
The World ◽  
Spent Libs

The wide use of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has brought great numbers of discarded LIBs, which has become a common problem facing the world. In view of the deleterious effects of spent LIBs on the environment and the contained valuable materials that can be reused, much effort in many countries has been made to manage waste LIBs, and many technologies have been developed to recycle waste LIBs and eliminate environmental risks. As a review article, this paper introduces the situation of waste LIB management in some developed countries and in China, and reviews separation technologies of electrode components and refining technologies of LiCoO2 and graphite. Based on the analysis of these recycling technologies and the structure and components characteristics of the whole LIB, this paper presents a recycling strategy for all components from obsolete LIBs, including discharge, dismantling, and classification, separation of electrode components and refining of LiCoO2/graphite. This paper is intended to provide a valuable reference for the management, scientific research, and industrial implementation on spent LIBs recycling, to recycle all valuable components and reduce the environmental pollution, so as to realize the win–win situation of economic and environmental benefits.

Research Progress and Application of Modified Silicon-Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 1036 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Ling Fang Ruan ◽  
Jia Wei Wang ◽  
Shao Ming Ying
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Ion Intercalation ◽  
Silicon Based

Silicon-based anode materials have been widely discussed by researchers because of its high theoretical capacity, abundant resources and low working voltage platform,which has been considered to be the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However,there are some problems existing in the silicon-based anode materials greatly limit its wide application: during the process of charge/discharge, the materials are prone to about 300% volume expansion, which will resultin huge stress-strain and crushing or collapse on the anods; in the process of lithium removal, there is some reaction between active material and current collector, which creat an increase in the thickness of the solid phase electrolytic layer(SEI film); during charging and discharging, with the increase of cycle times, cracks will appear on the surface of silicon-based anode materials, which will cause the batteries life to decline. In order to solve these problems, firstly, we summarize the design of porous structure of nanometer sized silicon-based materials and focus on the construction of three-dimensional structural silicon-based materials, which using natural biomass, nanoporous carbon and metal organic framework as structural template. The three-dimensional structure not only increases the channel of lithium-ion intercalation and the rate of ion intercalation, but also makes the structure more stable than one-dimensional or two-dimensional. Secondly, the Si/C composite, SiOx composite and alloying treatment can improve the volume expansion effection, increase the rate of lithium-ion deblocking and optimize the electrochemical performance of the material. The composite materials are usually coated with elastic conductive materials on the surface to reduce the stress, increase the conductivity and improve the electrochemical performance. Finally, the future research direction of silicon-based anode materials is prospected.

Electrochemical Properties of Carbon-Coated NbO2 as a Negative Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

2016 ◽  
Vol 724 ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Su Kim ◽  
Yong Hoon Cho ◽  
Kyoung Soo Park ◽  
Soon Ki Jeong ◽  
Yang Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Carbon Coating ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Negative Electrode ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Carbon Coated

We investigated the electrochemical properties of carbon-coated niobium dioxide (NbO2) as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Carbon-coated NbO2 powders were synthesized by ball-milling using carbon nanotubes as the carbon source. The carbon-coated NbO2 samples were of smaller particle size compared to the pristine NbO2 samples. The carbon layers were coated non-uniformly on the NbO2 surface. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed that the inter-layer distances increased after carbon coating by ball-milling. This lead to decreased charge-transfer resistance, confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, allowing electrons and lithium-ions to quickly transfer between the active material and electrolyte. Electrochemical performance, including capacity and initial coulombic efficiency, was therefore improved by carbon coating by ball-milling.

scholarly journals A Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries by Deep Eutectic Solvents Leaching

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Lourdes Yurramendi ◽  
Jokin Hidalgo ◽  
Amal Siriwardana
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Inorganic Acids ◽  
Additive Type ◽  
Valuable Metals

The feasibility of using low-environmental-impact leaching media to recover valuable metals from lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has been evaluated. Several deep eutectic solvents (DES) were tested as leaching agents in the presence of different type of additives (i.e., H2O2). The optimization of Co recovery was carried out by investigating various operating conditions, such as reaction time, temperature, solid (black mass) to liquid (DES) ratio, additive type, and concentration. Leaching with final selected DES choline chloride (33%), lactic acid (53%), and citric acid (13%) at 55 °C achieved an extraction yield of more than 95% for the cobalt. The leaching mechanism likely begins with the dissolution of the active material in the black mass (BM) followed by chelation of Co(II) with the DES. The results obtained confirm that those leaching media are an eco-friendly alternative to the strong inorganic acids used nowadays.

scholarly journals Recovering Lithium from the Cathode Active Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries via Thermal Decomposition

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Shunsuke Kuzuhara ◽  
Mina Ota ◽  
Fuka Tsugita ◽  
Ryo Kasuya
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Fluoride ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
A Value ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Percent Recovery ◽  
Co2 Flow ◽  
Recovered Material

In this study, calcination tests were performed on a mixed sample of lithium cobalt oxide and activated carbon at 300–1000 C under an argon atmosphere. The tests were conducted to discover an effective method for recovering lithium and cobalt from the cathode active material used in lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, the effect of soluble fluorine on the purification of lithium carbonate was investigated by the addition of lithium fluoride to an aqueous lithium hydroxide solution and a CO2 flow test was performed. The lithium recovery was ≥90% when the calcination occurred at temperatures of 500–600 C. However, the percent recovery decreased at temperatures ≥700 C. It was demonstrated that in order to increase the recovery while maintaining 99% purity of lithium carbonate in the recovered material, it was imperative to increase the temperature of the solution and to limit the F/Li ratio (mass%/mass%) in the solution to a value that did not exceed 0.05.

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