scholarly journals Medical waste treatment scheme selection based on single-valued neutrosophic numbers

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 10540-10564
Author(s):  
Jie Ling ◽  
◽  
Mingwei Lin ◽  
Lili Zhang ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Medical Waste ◽  
Selection Problem ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Treatment Scheme ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Maclaurin Symmetric Mean ◽  
Scheme Selection ◽  
Mean Function

<abstract> <p>With the rapid increase in the number of infected people in COVID-19, medical supplies have been increasing significantly. Medical waste treatment scheme selection may have long-term impacts on the economy, society, and environment. Determining the best treatment option is a considerable challenge. To solve this problem, in this paper, we proposed a multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) method based on single-valued neutrosophic numbers and partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean (PMSM) operator. Because of the complexity of the medical waste treatment scheme selection problem, the single-valued neutrosophic numbers are applied to express the uncertain evaluation information. For the medical waste treatment scheme selection problem, the factors or criteria (these two terms can be interchanged.) in the same clusters are closely related, and the criteria in different clusters have no relationships. The partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean function can handle these complicated criterion relationships. Therefore, we extend the PMSM operator to process the single-valued neutrosophic numbers and propose the single-valued neutrosophic partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean (SVNPMSM) operator and its weighted form (SVNWPMSM). Then, we analyze their properties and give typical examples of the proposed operators. An MCGDM model based on the SVNWPMSM aggregation operator is developed and applied to solve the medical waste treatment scheme selection problem. Finally, the validity and superiority of the developed model are verified by comparing it with the previous methods.</p> </abstract>

Assessment of bio-medical waste before and during the emergency of novel Coronavirus disease pandemic in India: A gap analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110214
Author(s):  
Rahul Rajak ◽  
Ravi Kumar Mahto ◽  
Jitender Prasad ◽  
Aparajita Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Medical Waste ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Central Pollution Control Board ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The Government ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Considering the widespread transmission of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally, India is also facing the same crisis. As India already has inadequate waste treatment facilities, and the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has led to significant growth of Bio-medical waste (BMW), consequently safe disposal of a large quantity of waste has become a more serious concern. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of BMW of India before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this article highlights the gaps in the implementation of BMW rules in India. This study uses various government and non-government organizations, reports and data specifically from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The finding of the study demonstrated that most of the States/Union Territories (UTs) of India are lacking in terms of COVID-19 waste management. India has generated over 32,996 mt of COVID-19 waste between June and December 2020. During this period, Maharashtra (789.99 mt/month) is highest average generator of COVID-19 waste, followed by Kerala (459.86 mt/month), Gujarat (434.87 mt/month), Tamil Nadu (427.23 mt/month), Uttar Pradesh (371.39 mt/month), Delhi (358.83 mt/month) and West Bengal (303.15 mt/month), and others respectively. We draw attention to the fact that many gaps were identified with compliance of BMW management rules. For example, out of all 35 States/UTs, health care facilitates (HCFs), only eight states received authorization as per BMW management rules. Moreover, the government strictly restricted the practice of deep burials; however, 23 States/UTs are still using the deep burial methods for BMW disposal. The present research suggests that those States/UTs generated on an average of 100 mt/month COVID-19 waste in the last 7 months (June–December 2020) should be considered as a high priority state. These states need special attention to implement BMW rules and should upgrade their BMW treatment capacity.

scholarly journals Long-Term Monitoring of Dioxin and Furan Level in Soil Around Medical Waste Incinerator

10.5772/18828 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xiao-dong ◽  
Yan Mi ◽  
Chen Tong ◽  
Lu Sheng-yong ◽  
Yan Jian-hu
Keyword(s):  
Medical Waste ◽  
Waste Incinerator ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

Modulation and coding scheme selection in multimedia broadcast over a single frequency network-enabled long-term evolution networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1603-1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Alexiou ◽  
Christos Bouras ◽  
Vasileios Kokkinos ◽  
Andreas Papazois ◽  
George Tsichritzis
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Single Frequency Network ◽  
Coding Scheme ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Scheme Selection

scholarly journals Rx For Medical Waste

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (09) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Michael Valenti
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Medical Waste ◽  
Hospital Workers ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Treatment Technologies

This article reviews many hospitals and medical centers have found it more economical to replace their on-site incinerators with alternative waste treatment technologies, primarily microwave systems or steam autoclaves, or send waste to treatment companies that are equipped with disinfection technologies. Sanitec International Holdings of West Caldwell, NJ, illustrates the in roads that alternatives are making to medical waste incineration. The entire Sanitec disinfection system is enclosed in all-weather steel housing, and is connected to the hospital’s electrical and water systems. Hospital workers bring collected waste in carts to the automated lift and load system, which raises the cart and empties it into the infeed hopper. The MediWaste system at Laredo is designed to treat up to 200 pounds of material per hour, which is more than sufficient to treat the 700 to 800 pounds of waste generated per day. Although incineration alternatives appear to be gaining popularity, combustion is still used to disinfect and reduce much clinical waste.

scholarly journals Structure of HIV-2 Nef reveals unique features distinct from HIV-1 involved in immune regulation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kengo Hirao ◽  
Sophie Andrews ◽  
Kimiko Kuroki ◽  
Hiroki Kusaka ◽  
Takashi Tadokoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Titration Calorimetry ◽  
Viral Control ◽  
Mhc I ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Sorting Motif ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Hiv 1

SummaryThe HIV accessory protein Nef plays a major role in establishing and maintaining infection, particularly through immune evasion. Many HIV-2 infected people experience long-term viral control and survival, resembling HIV-1 elite control. HIV-2 Nef has overlapping but also distinct functions from HIV-1 Nef. Here we report the crystal structure of HIV-2 Nef core. The dileucine sorting motif forms a helix bound to neighboring molecules, and moreover, isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that the CD3 endocytosis motif can directly bind to HIV-2 Nef, ensuring AP-2 mediated endocytosis for CD3. The highly-conserved C-terminal region forms a α-helix, absent from HIV-1. We further determined the structure of SIV Nef harboring this region, demonstrating similar C-terminal α-helix, which may contribute to AP-1 binding for MHC-I downregulation. These results provide new insights into the distinct pathogenesis of HIV-2 infection.

FEATURES OF RESIDUAL PHENOMENA AND CONSEQUENCES OF COVID-19 (REVIEW)

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 335-340
Author(s):  
Г.Н. Абуова ◽  
Г.А. Айтмуратова ◽  
Т.В. Полукчи ◽  
Ф.А. Бердалиева ◽  
Г.Г. Шаймерденова
Keyword(s):  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Timely Treatment

Проведен литературный обзор об особенностях остаточных явлений и последствий COVID-19 на основе данных, опубликованных до настоящего времени. К началу января 2021 года COVID-19, сопровождающийся тяжелым острым респираторным синдромом, вызванным коронавирусом (SARS-CoV-2), привел к более чем 83 миллионам подтвержденных случаев и более чем 1,8 миллионам смертей. Клинический спектр инфекции SARS-CoV-2 широк, включая бессимптомную инфекцию, лихорадку, усталость, миалгии, легкое заболевание верхних дыхательных путей, тяжелую и опасную для жизни вирусную пневмонию, требующую госпитализации и летальный исход. COVID-19 - это новое заболевание, и остается неопределенность в отношении возможных долгосрочных последствий для здоровья. На сегодняшний день известно, что у большинства инфицированных, особенно в молодом возрасте, заболевание имеет легкое течение, по сравнению с лицами старшего возраста. У некоторых пациентов заболевание быстро прогрессирует и развиваются различные осложнения, в т.ч. полиорганная недостаточность. Поэтому раннее выявление и своевременное лечение критических случаев имеет решающее значение. A literature review on the features of residual phenomena and consequences of COVID-19 is analyzed on the basis of data published so far. By the beginning of January 2021, COVID-19, accompanied by severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), led to more than 83 million confirmed cases and more than 1.8 million deaths. The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection is wide, including asymptomatic infection, fever, fatigue, myalgia, mild upper respiratory tract disease, severe and life-threatening viral pneumonia requiring hospitalization, and death. COVID-19 is a new disease, and uncertainty remains about possible long-term health consequences. To date, it is known that the majority of infected people, especially at a young age, have a mild course of the disease, compared with older people. In some patients, the disease progresses rapidly and various complications develop, including multiple organ failure. Therefore, early detection and timely treatment of critical cases is crucial.

Inactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus by a Medical Waste Disposal Process Using Chlorine Dioxide

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 527-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wesley Farr ◽  
Cheryl Walton
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Medical Waste ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractObjective:To study the ability of a medical waste disposal process using chlorine dioxide to inactivate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1).Design:Stock HIV-1 (HTLV-IIIB strain) was treated with chlorine dioxide under the following settings: cell culture medium alone, culture medium with 25% blood, culture medium with medical supplies treated by the Condor machine (Winfield Environmental Corp., Escondido, CA). MT-2 cells in 96-well tissue culture plates were inoculated with serial tenfold dilutions of treated and untreated HIV-1. Cytopathic effect was read on day five, and the TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) was calculated.Results:Treatment of HIV-1 with chlorine dioxide in culture medium alone resulted in a 5.25 log10 reduction in TCID50. Treatment of HIV-1 with chlorine dioxide in the presence of 25% blood caused a 6.25 log10 reduction in HIV-1 infectivity Treatment of HIV-1 with chlorine dioxide in the presence of medical supplies treated in the Condor machine resulted in a 4.75 log10 reduction in HIV infectivity.Conclusions:Chlorine dioxide inactivated HIV-1 in vitro. Chlorine dioxide inactivated HIV-1 in the presence of blood and in the presence of medical supplies under conditions that simulated the conditions existing in the Condor machine.

scholarly journals Estimating Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in Community Cases of Norovirus in England

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
John P Harris ◽  
Miren Iturriza-Gomara ◽  
Sarah J O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Years Lived With Disability

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) have been used since the 1990s. It is a composite measure of years of life lost with years lived with disability. Essentially, one DALY is the equivalent of a year of healthy life lost if a person had not experienced disease. Norovirus is the most common cause of gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. Norovirus activity varies from one season to the next for reasons not fully explained. Infection with norovirus is generally not severe, and is normally characterized as mild and self-limiting with no long-term sequelae. In this study, we model a range of estimates of DALYs for community cases of norovirus in England and Wales. We estimated a range of DALYs for norovirus to account for mixing of the severity of disease and the range of length of illness experienced by infected people. Our estimates were between 1159 and 4283 DALYs per year, or 0.3–1.2 years of healthy life lost per thousand cases of norovirus. These estimates provide evidence that norovirus leads to a considerable level of ill health in England and Wales. This information will be helpful should candidate norovirus vaccines become available in the future.

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