scholarly journals Free riding and participation in large scale, multi-hospital kidney exchange

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 817-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itai Ashlagi ◽  
Alvin E. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Kidney Exchange

scholarly journals Individual Rationality and Participation in Large Scale, Multi-Hospital Kidney Exchange

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itai Ashlagi ◽  
Alvin Roth
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Individual Rationality ◽  
Kidney Exchange

scholarly journals Spreading free-riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1614) ◽  
pp. 1219-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Arlettaz ◽  
Patrick Patthey ◽  
Marjana Baltic ◽  
Thomas Leu ◽  
Michael Schaub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Snow Sports

Stress generated by humans on wildlife by continuous development of outdoor recreational activities is of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation. Human disturbance often adds to other negative impact factors affecting the dynamics of vulnerable populations. It is not known to which extent the rapidly spreading free-riding snow sports actually elicit detrimental stress (allostatic overload) upon wildlife, nor what the potential associated fitness and survival costs are. Using a non-invasive technique, we evaluated the physiological stress response induced by free-riding snow sports on a declining bird species of Alpine ecosystems. The results of a field experiment in which radiomonitored black grouse ( Tetrao tetrix ) were actively flushed from their snow burrows once a day during four consecutive days showed an increase in the concentration of faecal stress hormone (corticosterone) metabolites after disturbance. A large-scale comparative analysis across the southwestern Swiss Alps indicated that birds had higher levels of these metabolites in human-disturbed versus undisturbed habitats. Disturbance by snow sport free-riders appears to elevate stress, which potentially represents a new serious threat for wildlife. The fitness and survival costs of allostatic adjustments have yet to be estimated.

scholarly journals Multi-Organ Exchange

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 639-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Dickerson ◽  
Tuomas Sandholm
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Deceased Donor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Liver Lobe ◽  
Kidney Donors ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Medical Risk ◽  
Kidney Exchange ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Exchange Algorithms

Kidney exchange, where candidates with organ failure trade incompatible but willing donors, is a life-saving alternative to the deceased donor waitlist, which has inadequate supply to meet demand. While fielded kidney exchanges see huge benefit from altruistic kidney donors (who give an organ without a paired needy candidate), a significantly higher medical risk to the donor deters similar altruism with livers. In this paper, we begin by exploring the idea of large-scale liver exchange, and show on demographically accurate data that vetted kidney exchange algorithms can be adapted to clear such an exchange at the nationwide level. We then propose cross-organ donation where kidneys and livers can be bartered for each other. We show theoretically that this multi-organ exchange provides linearly more transplants than running separate kidney and liver exchanges. This linear gain is a product of altruistic kidney donors creating chains that thread through the liver pool; it exists even when only a small but constant portion of the donors on the kidney side of the pool are willing to donate a liver lobe. We support this result experimentally on demographically accurate multi-organ exchanges. We conclude with thoughts regarding the fielding of a nationwide liver or joint liver-kidney exchange from a legal and computational point of view.

scholarly journals Constraining free riding in public goods games: designated solitary punishers can sustain human cooperation

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1655) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick O'Gorman ◽  
Joseph Henrich ◽  
Mark Van Vugt
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
Specific Individual ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Theoretical Proposal

Much of human cooperation remains an evolutionary riddle. Unlike other animals, people frequently cooperate with non-relatives in large groups. Evolutionary models of large-scale cooperation require not just incentives for cooperation, but also a credible disincentive for free riding. Various theoretical solutions have been proposed and experimentally explored, including reputation monitoring and diffuse punishment. Here, we empirically examine an alternative theoretical proposal: responsibility for punishment can be borne by one specific individual. This experiment shows that allowing a single individual to punish increases cooperation to the same level as allowing each group member to punish and results in greater group profits. These results suggest a potential key function of leadership in human groups and provides further evidence supporting that humans will readily and knowingly behave altruistically.

Have Your Tickets Ready! Impede Free Riding in Large Scale Team Assignments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Staubitz ◽  
Hanadi Traifeh ◽  
Salim Chujfi ◽  
Christoph Meinel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Free Riding

Collective-Action Problems and Institutional Systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-42
Author(s):  
William D. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Structured Groups ◽  
Social Orders

A society’s prospects for development depend on its ability to resolve collective-action problems (CAPs). Resolution depends on underlying institutional contexts. Inequality permeates these interactions. This chapter introduces CAPs, institutions, institutional systems, social orders, and political settlements. CAPs arise when individuals, pursuing their own goals, generate undesirable outcomes for some group. First-order CAPs concern forms of free riding; second-order CAPs concern orchestrating the coordination and enforcement that render agreements to limit free riding credible. Discussion proceeds to distinguish informal and formal institutions (norms and rules) from organizations (structured groups of individuals that can take action). Institutional systems are complementary mixes of institutions and organizations, where the latter play critical roles in resolving second-order CAPs. Social orders are large-scale institutional systems. Political settlements are mutual understandings that limit organized violence by addressing broad allocations of authority and benefits.

Antirival goods, network effects and the sharing economy

First Monday ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Xavier Olleros
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Collective Choice ◽  
Increasing Returns ◽  
Volunteer Work ◽  
Collective Goods ◽  
Small Scales

Nothing facilitates large-scale collaboration like the prospect of inclusive, all-win games. Modern humans have gotten much better at large-scale collaboration because they have discovered, or invented, a broad range of collective goods that are easy to share and become more valuable the more they are shared, thus multiplying the opportunities for all-win outcomes. Steven Weber (2004) and Mark Cooper (2006a, 2006b) have drawn our attention to ‘antirival goods’ — subject to increasing returns to shared use — to differentiate them from ‘rival goods’ — subject to decreasing returns to shared use — and ‘nonrival goods’ — subject to constant returns to shared use. Unlike Weber and Cooper, I argue that nonrivalness and antirivalness are orthogonal properties of some collective goods, rather than stages along the same continuum away from rivalness. Collective goods, I also argue, are most inclusive when they are both nonrival and antirival. In an economy rich in both nonrival and antirival goods, the collaborative stance will often be the default collective choice, at large and small scales alike. Digital technologies are ushering in a transformative age as they expand the cornucopia of nonrival and antirival goods available to us. This inclusiveness of many digital goods eliminates the free-riding problem and mobilizes large amounts of volunteer work.

Some comments about observations and image processing of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
D. Kubáček ◽  
A. Galád ◽  
A. Pravda
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Short Period Comet ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Harvard College Observatory ◽  
Period Comet

AbstractUnusual short-period comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 inspired many observers to explain its unpredictable outbursts. In this paper large scale structures and features from the inner part of the coma in time periods around outbursts are studied. CCD images were taken at Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, in 1989 and at Astronomical Observatory, Modra, from 1995 to 1998. Photographic plates of the comet were taken at Harvard College Observatory, Oak Ridge, from 1974 to 1982. The latter were digitized at first to apply the same techniques of image processing for optimizing the visibility of features in the coma during outbursts. Outbursts and coma structures show various shapes.

Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
P. Ambrož
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Line ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Characteristic Relationship ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

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