Using three elementary particles to construct the physical world

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-247
Author(s):  
Huawang Li
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Particle Collisions ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

In this paper, we conjecture that gravitation, electromagnetism, and strong nuclear interactions are all produced by particle collisions by determining the essential concept of force in physics (that is, the magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction), and further speculate the existence of a new particle, Yizi. The average kinetic energy of Yizi is considered to be equal to Planck’s constant, so the mass of Yizi is calculated to be <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.37</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>51</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> kg and the average velocity of Yizi is <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.24</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> m/s. The universe is filled with Yizi gas, the number density of Yizi can reach <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.61</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>64</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> /m3, and Yizi has no charge. After abandoning the idealism of physics, I try to construct a physical framework from three elementary particles: Protons, electrons, and Yizis. (The elementary particles mentioned here generally refer to the indivisible particles that constitute objects.) The effects of Yizi on the conversion of light, electricity, magnetism, mass, and energy as well as the strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces are emphasized. The gravitation of electromagnetic waves is measured using a Cavendish torsion balance. It is shown experimentally that electromagnetic waves not only produce pressure (repulsion) but also gravitational forces upon objects. The universe is a combination of three fundamental particles. Motion is eternal and follows the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. There is only one force: The magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction. Furthermore, this corresponds to the magnitude of the force that the group of particles exerts in that direction. From this perspective, all physical phenomena are relatively easy to explain.

scholarly journals The basic theory of bipolars existence and their role in the examination of electric and magnetic fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321
Author(s):  
Farzad Haghmoradi-Kermanshahi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Basic Theory ◽  
Electrical Charge ◽  
Negative Pole ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

This article claims that the universe is composed of very fine particles, which are billions of times smaller than electrons. These particles consist of one positive pole and one negative pole similar to protons and electrons (in terms of electrical charge), respectively. They are point electric charges, which their movements and bending of their chain in space create magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves. These particles possess mass that verges on zero, due to their minute size. Then, by examining several physical phenomena, the presence of them will be proved.

The structure of radiation

1925 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund C. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Wave Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Single Quantum ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Tentative Explanation ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Sufficient Precision ◽  
Fringe System

It is shown that, assuming conservation of energy and momentum in individuai transitions, radiation must be regarded as propagated by linearly directed quanta. Evidence is brought forward in favour of the view that these quanta are spatially localised longitudinally as well as laterally. As these conclusions seem unavoidable, an attempt is made to see if there is any possibility of accounting for interference effects in terms of quants possessing periodic properties.The idea that a single quantum can produce interference effects is untenable. The conception of the phase of a quant is introduced, and it is supposed that atoms may absorb a quant in a given phase provided they are in a “state” corresponding to that phase. Considering radiation emanating from a point, it is shown that a tentative explanation of interference may be obtained if the quants have a constant phase at emission, and if they give atoms at any point an impulse towards the state corresponding to their phase at the point. According as these impulses reinforce or oppose each other, bright or dark parts of a fringe System are obtained. Practically the whole nomenclature and method of the wave theory may be taken over and applied to the quant phase field surrounding an emitting source. Essentially, on this view, an explanation of interference is sought in terms of different quants, and the dark and bright parte of a fringe system are to be explained, not in terms of different numbers of quante arriving at them, but in different phase relations of quante which do arrive.Quante are characterised by a magnetic and electric vector, whose magnitudes and directions define the state of polarisation and the phase. Electron orbite may also be regarded as characterised by two vectors in terms of which it seems as if the “state” may be specified.The relation between transition character and type of radiation emitted is finally considered and it is shown that the evidence so far available renders plausible an explanation of interference of the kind put forward. Much further experimental work, particularly in connection with the Stark and Zeeman effects, is, however, necessary, before sufficient precision can be given to the views put forward to make them satisfying. On the other hand, it seems premature to suppose that only a formal treatment is possible of the physical phenomena involved.

scholarly journals Neutrinos

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Jeevan Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Electric Charge ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Enrico Fermi ◽  
Radioactive Elements ◽  
Word Play ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Weakly Interacting ◽  
High Energy Particles ◽  
The Universe

Neutrinos are one of the fundamental particles that make the universe. They are produced by the decay of radioactive elements and are elementary particles that lack the electric charge. The name neutrino was coined by Enrico Fermi as a word play on neutrone, the Italian name of the neutron. Of all high-energy particles, only weakly interacting neutrinos can directly convey astronomical information from the edge of the universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high energy process.The Himalayan PhysicsVol. 3, No. 3, July 2012Page : 64-68

scholarly journals Fundamental Particle and Forces

2017 ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Bhumi Raj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Fundamental Particle ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Atomic Nuclei ◽  
Interesting Area ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

The study of particle physics is indispensable not only to understand different branch of science but also to unleash the most profound mysteries in natures such as the mystery of the origin of the Universe. Fundamental particles and their interactions in nature come under the study of Particle Physics, which studies the physical processes that occurs at scales even smaller than atomic nuclei. This article introduces elementary particles and forces, and then focuses on a few promising and interesting area of the particle physics.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 6 & 7, 2017 (123-125)

scholarly journals The Only Probable Way To Understand Physical Universe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jivesh Adhlakha
Keyword(s):  
Physical World ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Mathematical Arguments ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
Correct Picture ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Way

In this paper, I have deduced through logical and mathematical arguments that there is only one way to approach physical phenomena in order to understand the correct picture of physical world. Further, it has been deduced that this approach requires all phenomena to be explained in an emergent framework with one and only one underlying principal. Hence, it directly paves the way to a single theory that can explain all the phenomena of the Universe with same underlying reasoning - both at microscopic and macroscopic scales. Therefore, a probable approach to Unified Theory is asserted.

Causality Then and Now

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-177
Author(s):  
Karen Harding
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Way

Ate appearances deceiving? Do objects behave the way they do becauseGod wills it? Ate objects impetmanent and do they only exist becausethey ate continuously created by God? According to a1 Ghazlli, theanswers to all of these questions ate yes. Objects that appear to bepermanent are not. Those relationships commonly tefemed to as causalare a result of God’s habits rather than because one event inevitably leadsto another. God creates everything in the universe continuously; if Heceased to create it, it would no longer exist.These ideas seem oddly naive and unscientific to people living in thetwentieth century. They seem at odds with the common conception of thephysical world. Common sense says that the universe is made of tealobjects that persist in time. Furthermore, the behavior of these objects isreasonable, logical, and predictable. The belief that the univetse is understandablevia logic and reason harkens back to Newton’s mechanical viewof the universe and has provided one of the basic underpinnings ofscience for centuries. Although most people believe that the world is accutatelydescribed by this sort of mechanical model, the appropriatenessof such a model has been called into question by recent scientificadvances, and in particular, by quantum theory. This theory implies thatthe physical world is actually very different from what a mechanicalmodel would predit.Quantum theory seeks to explain the nature of physical entities andthe way that they interact. It atose in the early part of the twentieth centuryin response to new scientific data that could not be incorporated successfullyinto the ptevailing mechanical view of the universe. Due largely ...

scholarly journals IV. On some applications of dynamical principles to physical phenomena

1885 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 307-342 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Phenomenon ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Material System ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Lagrange’S Equations ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Lagrange's Equations

1. The tendency to apply dynamical principles and methods to explain physical phenomena has steadily increased ever since the discovery of the principle of the Conservation of Energy. This discovery called attention to the ready conversion of the energy of visible motion into such apparently dissimilar things as heat and electric currents, and led almost irresistibly to the conclusion that these too are forms of kinetic energy, though the moving bodies must be infinitesimally small in comparison with the bodies which form the moving pieces of any of the structures or machines with which we are acquainted. As soon as this conception of heat and electricity was reached mathematicians began to apply to them the dynamical method of the Con­servation of Energy, and many physical phenomena were shown to be related to each other, and others predicted by the use of this principle; thus, to take an example, the induction of electric currents by a moving magnet was shown by von Helmholtz to be a necessary consequence of the fact that an electric current produces a magnetic field. Of late years things have been carried still further; thus Sir William Thomson in many of his later papers, and especially in his address to the British Association at Montreal on “Steps towards a Kinetic Theory of Matter,” has devoted a good deal of attention to the description of machines capable of producing effects analogous to some physical phenomenon, such, for example, as the rotation of the plane of polarisation of light by quartz and other crystals. For these reasons the view (which we owe to the principle of the Conservation of Energy) that every physical phenomenon admits of a dynamical explanation is one that will hardly be questioned at the present time. We may look on the matter (including, if necessary, the ether) which plays a part in any physical phenomenon as forming a material system and study the dynamics of this system by means of any of the methods which we apply to the ordinary systems in the Dynamics of Rigid Bodies. As we do not know much about the structure of the systems we can only hope to obtain useful results by using methods which do not require an exact knowledge of the mechanism of the system. The method of the Conservation of Energy is such a method, but there are others which hardly require a greater knowledge of the structure of the system and yet are capable of giving us more definite information than that principle when used in the ordinary way. Lagrange's equations and Hamilton's method of Varying Action are methods of this kind, and it is the object of this paper to apply these methods to study the transformations of some of the forms of energy, and to show how useful they are for coordinating results of very different kinds as well as for suggesting new phenomena. A good many of the results which we shall get have been or can be got by the use of the ordinary principle of Thermodynamics, and it is obvious that this principle must have close relations with any method based on considerations about energy. Lagrange’s equations were used with great success by Maxwell in his ‘Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism,’ vol. ii., chaps. 6, 7, 8, to find the equations of the electromagnetic field.

Elementary Particles and the Universe: Essays in Honor of Murray Gell-Mann

1992 ◽  
Vol 76 (477) ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
John Farina ◽  
John H. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Particles ◽  
The Universe
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