The laws of conservation of energy and momentum in emission of electromagnetic waves (photons) in a medium and the energy-momentum tensor in macroscopic electrodynamics

1973 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitalii L. Ginzburg
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Energy And Momentum

Using three elementary particles to construct the physical world

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-247
Author(s):  
Huawang Li
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Particle Collisions ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

In this paper, we conjecture that gravitation, electromagnetism, and strong nuclear interactions are all produced by particle collisions by determining the essential concept of force in physics (that is, the magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction), and further speculate the existence of a new particle, Yizi. The average kinetic energy of Yizi is considered to be equal to Planck’s constant, so the mass of Yizi is calculated to be <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.37</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>51</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> kg and the average velocity of Yizi is <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.24</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> m/s. The universe is filled with Yizi gas, the number density of Yizi can reach <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.61</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>64</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> /m3, and Yizi has no charge. After abandoning the idealism of physics, I try to construct a physical framework from three elementary particles: Protons, electrons, and Yizis. (The elementary particles mentioned here generally refer to the indivisible particles that constitute objects.) The effects of Yizi on the conversion of light, electricity, magnetism, mass, and energy as well as the strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces are emphasized. The gravitation of electromagnetic waves is measured using a Cavendish torsion balance. It is shown experimentally that electromagnetic waves not only produce pressure (repulsion) but also gravitational forces upon objects. The universe is a combination of three fundamental particles. Motion is eternal and follows the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. There is only one force: The magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction. Furthermore, this corresponds to the magnitude of the force that the group of particles exerts in that direction. From this perspective, all physical phenomena are relatively easy to explain.

scholarly journals On the removal of the infinite self-energies of point-particles

1944 ◽  
Vol 183 (993) ◽  
pp. 142-167 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
World Line ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
The World ◽  
Finite Integral ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Different Order ◽  
General Method

A general method is set up for modifying the energy-momentum tensor so as to remove the singularities in the flow of energy and momentum into the world-line of a particle without affecting the equations of motion of the particle. It is shown how the singularities of different order may be removed one by one. In the case of the electromagnetic and meson fields it is shown that the modified tensor leads to a finite integral of energy and momentum over any space-like surface. In other cases the corresponding result may be secured by making a further modification in the tensor.

scholarly journals Energy - Momentum Tensors for Dispersive Electromagnetic Waves

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Dewar
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Dispersive Medium ◽  
Ponderomotive Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Dielectric Fluid ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cold Plasmas

Classical relativistic field theory is used as a basis for a general discussion of the problem of splitting up the total energy–momentum tensor of a system into contributions from its component subsystems. Both the Minkowski and Abraham forms (including electrostriction) arise naturally in alternative split-up procedures applied to a non dispersive dielectric fluid. The case of an electromagnetic wave in a (spatially and temporally) dispersive medium in arbitrary but slowly varying motion is then treated. In the dispersive case the results cannot be found by replacing the dielectric constant ε with ε(κ, ω) but include derivatives with respect to the wave vector κ and the frequency ω. Ponderomotive force expressions are obtained and the perturbation in the total energy–momentum tensor due to a one-dimensional wavepacket is found. A nonlinear Schrödinger equation is obtained for the evolution of a three-dimensional wavepacket. Both hot and cold plasmas are treated.

scholarly journals Quantum κ-deformed differential geometry and field theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 1650053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Mercati
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Differential Geometry ◽  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Covariant Form ◽  
Complex Scalar ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Complex Scalar Field ◽  
Noncommutative Spacetime ◽  
Vector Valued

I introduce in [Formula: see text]-Minkowski noncommutative spacetime the basic tools of quantum differential geometry, namely bicovariant differential calculus, Lie and inner derivatives, the integral, the Hodge-[Formula: see text] and the metric. I show the relevance of these tools for field theory with an application to complex scalar field, for which I am able to identify a vector-valued four-form which generalizes the energy–momentum tensor. Its closedness is proved, expressing in a covariant form the conservation of energy–momentum.

CONSERVATION LAWS IN FEYNMAN'S MODIFIED ELECTRODYNAMICS

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-462
Author(s):  
P. N. Daykin
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Photon ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Energy Problem ◽  
Convergence Factor ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Photon Momentum ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Self Energy

In Feynman's treatment of the self-energy problem, the divergence is eliminated by introducing a convergence factor into the integral over the virtual photon momentum space. Feynman has remarked that his choice of convergence factor is inconsistent with the conservation of energy for the radiation field of an atom. This problem is examined in a more general way. The modification of the Maxwell equations caused by the convergence factor is deduced. The modified field equations belong to the generalized electrodynamics described by Podolsky. The modified energy-momentum tensor is shown to satisfy the conservation law for the field with source.

scholarly journals Viscosities of gluon dominated QGP model within relativistic non-Abelian hydrodynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 1550077 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Djun ◽  
L. T. Handoko ◽  
B. Soegijono ◽  
T. Mart
Keyword(s):  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
Equation Of Motion ◽  
Momentum Conservation ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
First Principle ◽  
Principle Calculation ◽  
First Principle Calculation ◽  
Energy And Momentum

Based on the first principle calculation, a Lagrangian for the system describing quarks, gluons, and their interactions, is constructed. Ascribed to the existence of dissipative behavior as a consequence of strong interaction within quark–gluon plasma (QGP) matter, auxiliary terms describing viscosities are constituted into the Lagrangian. Through a "kind" of phase transition, gluon field is redefined as a scalar field with four-vector velocity inherently attached. Then, the Lagrangian is elaborated further to produce the energy–momentum tensor of dissipative fluid-like system and the equation of motion (EOM). By imposing the law of energy and momentum conservation, the values of shear and bulk viscosities are analytically calculated. Our result shows that, at the energy level close to hadronization, the bulk viscosity is bigger than shear viscosity. By making use of the conjectured values η/s~1/4π and ζ/s~1, the ratio of bulk to shear viscosity is found to be ζ/η>4π.

Interaction of viscous modified Chaplygin gas with f(R, T) gravity

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (28) ◽  
pp. 1750151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sharif ◽  
Aisha Siddiqa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Chaplygin Gas ◽  
Modified Chaplygin Gas ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Frw Universe ◽  
Eos Parameter ◽  
Total Energy Density ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
The Universe

We study the evolution of viscous modified Chaplygin gas (MCG) interacting with f(R, T) gravity in flat FRW universe, where T is the trace of energy–momentum tensor. The field equations are formulated for a particular model f(R, T) = R + 2[Formula: see text]T and constraints for the conservation of energy–momentum tensor are obtained. We investigate the behavior of total energy density, pressure and equation of state (EoS) parameter for emergent, intermediate as well as logamediate scenarios of the universe with two interacting models. It is found that the EoS parameter lies in the matter-dominated or quintessence era for all the three scenarios while the bulk viscosity enhances the expansion for the intermediate and logamediate scenarios.

Relativistic magnetohydrodynamics and irreversible thermodynamics

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 878-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Irreversible Thermodynamics ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Production Rate ◽  
Relativistic Energy ◽  
First Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Basic Equations ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics

ABSTRACTThe basic equations of non-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics are briefly reviewed. Beginning with the energy-momentum tensor for the coupled electromagnetic and fluid fields relativistic energy and momentum equations are formulated. The effect of heat conduction is included and relativistic constitutive equations are discussed. A relativistic first law of thermodynamics is developed in terms of internal energy and entropy. Finally, the second law and entropy production rate are derived in a covariant fashion.

Begründung des Energie-Impuls-Tensors der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie auf Grund eines kinetischen Modells der Materie

1967 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 808-815
Author(s):  
Jürgen Audretsch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
State Equation ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Particle Properties ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Generally Covariant ◽  
Stream Lines ◽  
Special Time

The energy-momentum tensor Tαβ of the general theory of relativity is investigated on the basis of a kinetic model of matter (point-particles). Its freedom of divergence results from the motion of the particles. After a suitable decomposition of Tαβ into its invariant components these can be interpreted in a generally covariant manner according to their microstructure. By means of the distribution of matter special time-like world-lines are designated as stream-lines. The freedom of divergence of Tαβ can be interpreted by virtue of the model as a local balance of energy and momentum. In this balance the influence of gravitational and inertial forces become immediately evident. Pressure results as a function of the particle properties (state equation).

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