A Harmonized ENC Database as a Foundation of Electronic Navigation

2013 ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Michael Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Data Streams ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Support Teams ◽  
Data Layer ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Data Layers ◽  
Integrate Data ◽  
Ship Movement

The development of ship navigation classically is based on paper charts, positioning systems like sextants, or nowadays GNSS. Lead by IMO and with support by organizations like IHO and IALA, the shipping industry moves towards the future of enhanced and electronic navigation to improve safety and efficiency of ship movement around the world. The basic data layers for this development are electronic vector charts. This data layer needs to be enhanced by a growing number of other data streams to create situational awareness during any voyage, but also allow for improved planning and efficient ship movement to increase safety and reduce pollution by reducing carbon footprint and reduce risk of environmental issues due to accidents. Given that, the aim of e-Navigation is to integrate data streams, leading to information for situational awareness, which enables wise decisions for mariners on ships and support teams on shore.

Data Layer Integration for The National Map of the United States

2009 ◽  
pp. 28-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lynn Usery ◽  
Michael P. Finn ◽  
Michael Starbuck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Combination Of Theories ◽  
Data Layer ◽  
Data Layers ◽  
Map Data ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The integration of geographic data layers in multiple raster and vector formats, from many different organizations and at a variety of resolutions and scales, is a significant problem for The National Map of the United States being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Our research has examined data integration from a layer-based approach for five of The National Map data layers: digital orthoimages, elevation, land cover, hydrography, and transportation. An empirical approach has included visual assessment by a set of respondents with statistical analysis to establish the meaning of various types of integration. A separate theoretical approach with established hypotheses tested against actual data sets has resulted in an automated procedure for integration of specific layers and is being tested. The empirical analysis has established resolution bounds on meanings of integration with raster datasets and distance bounds for vector data. The theoretical approach has used a combination of theories on cartographic transformation and generalization, such as Töpfer’s radical law, and additional research concerning optimum viewing scales for digital images to establish a set of guiding principles for integrating data of different resolutions.

scholarly journals The Space Weather Threat to Situational Awareness, Communications, and Positioning Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 3086-3098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale C. Ferguson ◽  
Simon Peter Worden ◽  
Daniel E. Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Positioning Systems

Landscape change analysis and assessment (case studies in Slovakia and Bulgaria)

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Feranec ◽  
Monika Kopecka ◽  
Rumiana Vatseva ◽  
Anton Stoimenov ◽  
Jan Otahel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Landscape Change ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Data Layer ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
Data Layers

AbstractLandscape change assessment was conducted in selected areas of Slovakia and Bulgaria in 1990–2000 using CORINE land cover (CLC) data layer analysis. Assessment of causes that led to these changes was undertaken, with an emphasis on those that determined the extensification of agriculture. The LC data were obtained under the CLC90 and I&CLC2000 projects, jointly managed by the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen, Denmark and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy. The CLC1990-2000-changes data layer was generated by overlaying the CLC90 and CLC2000 data layers for change in areas of a minimum 5 ha. The analysed causes of changes (driving forces) were then classified. Land cover (LC) changes characterizing urbanization processes occurred only in the Trnava and Tatras areas. Intensification of agriculture was also higher in these two areas. LC changes characterizing the extensification of agriculture were dominant in Plovdiv and Trnava. Deforestation and forestation were identified in all areas (Trnava, Tatras, Plovdiv, and Burgas). The basic reasons of these changes were related to the transformation of national economies from being centrally planned to market controlled, following the fall of socialism and before the countries joined the European Union.

scholarly journals Integrating Indoor Positioning Systems and BIM to Improve Situational Awareness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Reinbold ◽  
Olli Seppänen ◽  
Antti Peltokorpi ◽  
Vishal Singh ◽  
Erez Dror
Keyword(s):  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Positioning Systems

scholarly journals Geomorphic diversity and landslide susceptibility in the Balason River Basin, Darjeeling Himalaya

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Subrata Mondal ◽  
Sujit Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Drainage Density ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Hypsometric Integral ◽  
Data Layer ◽  
Data Layers

This study attempts to assess the role of basin morphometric parameters in slope instability using a morphometric diversity (MD) model, as well as the role of drainage parameters and relief parameters in slope failure using drainage diversity (DD) and relief diversity (RD) models, respectively. For this, a total of 14 morphometric data layers were considered. The relationship of each data layer to landslide susceptibility was judged using a frequency ratio (FR) approach. Parameters like drainage density (Dd), drainage frequency (Df), relative relief (Rr), drainage texture (Dt), junction frequency (Jf), infiltration number (In), ruggedness index (Ri), dissection index (Di), elevation (E), slope (S), relief ratio (Rra) and hypsometric integral (Hi) were positively related with landslide potentiality while bifurcation ratio (Rb) and drainage intensity (Din) negatively correlated with S failure. The principal component analysis (PCA)-based weight assigned to each data layer in each model was multiplied with unidirectional reclassified data layers for each model using a weighted linear combination (WLC) approach to prepare landslide susceptibility maps. The receiver operating characteristics curve showed that the landslide prediction accuracy of the DD, RD and MD models were 71.4%, 73.9% and 76.3%, respectively. The FR plots of the aforesaid three models suggested that the chance of landslide increases from very low to very high in susceptible zones.

Community Water Watch: Measurements, Forecasts and Impacts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick van de Giesen ◽  
Frank Annor ◽  
Rick Hagenaars ◽  
Petra Izeboud ◽  
Vivaoliva Shoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Streams ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Flood Impacts ◽  
Community Water

<p>Dar es Salaam is subject to regular flooding, especially from the Msimbazi River, causing tens of deaths and over $100 million damages per year. Dar es Salaam is not an exceptional case, as many cities in the Global South face rapid urban expansion, which causes increased impermeable services, clogging of drains by sediment and solid waste, as well as encroachment of the floodplains. Although in the long term, structural measures are needed, much is to be gained short term by a flood early warning system that aims to increase situational awareness and optimise allocation of resources during and after floods. The Community Water Watch project, which contributes to the Tanzania Urban Resilience Program, addresses these aspects through a mixture of data streams.</p><p>In an online dashboard, these three data streams come together to create meaningful information. First, a dense network of TAHMO weather stations and two hydrological stations report in near-real time the atmospheric input and state of the system. Second, a hydraulic model uses this information to provide forecasts in terms of discharge, flood levels, and flood extents. Finally, social media platforms, such as Twitter, Telegram, WhatsApp, and JAMII Forums, are continuously searched for texts and photos concerning flooding to provide an overview of flood impacts and ways in which people are dealing with them. Tailor-made dashboards have been built to cater to different users such as the Tanzania Red Cross Society and the local transportation company DART. Due to the intense co-creation processes during the design of the system, these dashboards have already produced actionable information that has prevented damages and possibly has saved lives. The solution is very scalable to any city dealing with similar flood problems.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of Spoofing of Navigation Systems on Maritime Situational Awareness

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Andrej Androjna ◽  
Marko Perkovič
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Positioning Systems

The development of contemporary navigation and positioning systems have significantly improved reliability and speeds in maritime navigation. At the same time, the vulnerabilities of these systems to cyber threats represent a remarkable issue to the safety of navigation. Therefore, the maritime community has raised the question of cybersecurity of navigation systems in recent years. This paper aims to analyse the vulnerabilities of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Electronic Chart Display Information System (ECDIS) and Automatic Identification System (AIS). The concepts of these systems were developed at a time when cybersecurity issues have not been among the  top priorities. Open broadcasts, the absence of or limited existence of data encryption and authentication can be considered as their primary security weaknesses. Therefore, these systems are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The GPS as the data source of a ship’s position can relatively easily be jammed and/or spoofed, increasing the vulnerabilities of ECDIS and AIS. A systematic literature review was conducted for this article, supplemented by a SWOT analysis of the AIS service and particular case studies of recent cyber-attacks on these systems. The analysis of selected case studies confirmed that these systems could easily be spoofed and become a subject of data manipulation with significant consequences for the safety of navigation. The paper provides conclusions and recommendations highlighting the necessity for the users to be aware of the vulnerabilities of modern navigation systems.

scholarly journals Pembuatan Prototipe Aplikasi Distribusi Pangan Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Henny Medyawati ◽  
Budi Setiawan ◽  
Ega Hegarini ◽  
Imam Ahmad Trinugroho
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Data Layer ◽  
Data Layers

Food distribution and supply chain are the main problems to achieve food security in Indonesia. Geographical gaps, poor transportation systems and social differences in Indonesia induce a high complexity challenges to implement a perfect distribution system that can suitable with Indonesia characteristic. The purpose of this research is building a prototype for food distribution application using geographical information system (GIS) that can be implemented in Indonesia. GIS can visualize the entire data layer into a map which is easier to analyze. Indonesia consists of 34 provinces that spread over many island, each has specific geographical profile and transportation problems. This can be used as data layers with other instruments which related with food distribution in Indonesia. Building a food distribution application prototype is part of developing food distribution system which produce prototype of the system. Prototyping approach is being used to evaluate the designing result of GIS with analyzing features for food distribution in Indonesia. Final result for this research is an application that can be implemented into food distribution system that can create a stable food security in Indonesia, for all of the provinces.

Generating Situational Awareness of Pedestrian and Vehicular Movement in Urban Areas Using IoT Data Streams

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 4395-4402
Author(s):  
Nishan Mills ◽  
Daswin de Silva ◽  
Damminda Alahakoon
Keyword(s):  
Data Streams ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Situational Awareness

scholarly journals Risks and Benefits of Crew Reduction and/or Removal with Increased Automation on the Ship Operator: A Licensed Deck Officer’s Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3569
Author(s):  
Elspeth Hannaford ◽  
Edwin Van Hassel
Keyword(s):  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Subject Matter Experts ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Survey Results

As autonomous technologies proliferate in the shipping industry, limited research has been conducted on its potential implications on the Licensed Deck Officer. This research examines the potential benefits and risks of increased onboard automation with the reduction and/or removal of onboard crew on the Licensed Deck Officer. Qualitative methods of literature review, survey, and individual semi-structured interviews were used. The rating scale method and Likert Bar Graph scaling approach convey survey results. A Theoretical Thematic Analysis was used to analyze interview data. Reliability, validity, and objectivity of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) interviewed are part of the research strategy. It was found that many barriers exist to the implementation of autonomous vessels, mostly revolving around crew and vessel safety. Reducing crews and increasing shipboard automation have potentially negative effects on the Licensed Deck Officer, including sensor over-reliance, decreased situational awareness, and increased complacency, while providing no reduction in onboard duties or fatigue. Changes in navigational, manning, and liability regulation must be addressed by maritime authorities first. The shipping industry’s mindset is slow to change, but with this inevitable technology, the mariner will adapt. Insights generated from this research will benefit involved stakeholders to better understand and prepare for changes in the maritime industry due to the onset of autonomous shipping.

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