scholarly journals Impact of Spoofing of Navigation Systems on Maritime Situational Awareness

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Andrej Androjna ◽  
Marko Perkovič
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Positioning Systems

The development of contemporary navigation and positioning systems have significantly improved reliability and speeds in maritime navigation. At the same time, the vulnerabilities of these systems to cyber threats represent a remarkable issue to the safety of navigation. Therefore, the maritime community has raised the question of cybersecurity of navigation systems in recent years. This paper aims to analyse the vulnerabilities of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Electronic Chart Display Information System (ECDIS) and Automatic Identification System (AIS). The concepts of these systems were developed at a time when cybersecurity issues have not been among the  top priorities. Open broadcasts, the absence of or limited existence of data encryption and authentication can be considered as their primary security weaknesses. Therefore, these systems are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The GPS as the data source of a ship’s position can relatively easily be jammed and/or spoofed, increasing the vulnerabilities of ECDIS and AIS. A systematic literature review was conducted for this article, supplemented by a SWOT analysis of the AIS service and particular case studies of recent cyber-attacks on these systems. The analysis of selected case studies confirmed that these systems could easily be spoofed and become a subject of data manipulation with significant consequences for the safety of navigation. The paper provides conclusions and recommendations highlighting the necessity for the users to be aware of the vulnerabilities of modern navigation systems.

Securing the Automatic Identification System (AIS): Using public key cryptography to prevent spoofing whilst retaining backwards compatibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gareth Wimpenny ◽  
Jan Šafář ◽  
Alan Grant ◽  
Martin Bransby
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Public Key Cryptography ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Abstract The civilian Automatic Identification System (AIS) has no inherent protection against spoofing. Spoofed AIS messages have the potential to interfere with the safe navigation of a vessel by, amongst other approaches, spoofing maritime virtual aids to navigation and/or differential global navigation satellite system (DGNSS) correction data conveyed across it. Acting maliciously, a single transmitter may spoof thousands of AIS messages per minute with the potential to cause considerable nuisance; compromising information provided by AIS intended to enhance the mariner's situational awareness. This work describes an approach to authenticate AIS messages using public key cryptography (PKC) and thus provide unequivocal evidence that AIS messages originate from genuine sources and so can be trusted. Improvements to the proposed AIS authentication scheme are identified which address a security weakness and help avoid false positives to spoofing caused by changes to message syntax. A channel loading investigation concludes that sufficient bandwidth is available to routinely authenticate all AIS messages whilst retaining backwards compatibility by carrying PKC ‘digital signatures’ in a separate VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) side channel.

scholarly journals An unmanned aircraft system for maritime operations

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 172988141878633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Monteiro Marques ◽  
Victor Lobo ◽  
R Batista ◽  
J Oliveira ◽  
A Pedro Aguiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Traffic Monitoring ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
Air System ◽  
Unmanned Air System ◽  
Aircraft System

Unmanned air systems are becoming ever more important in modern societies but raise a number of unresolved problems. There are legal issues with the operation of these vehicles in nonsegregated airspace, and a pressing requirement to solve these issues is the development and testing of reliable and safe mechanisms to avoid collision in flight. In this article, we describe a sense and avoid subsystem developed for a maritime patrol unmanned air system. The article starts with a description of the unmanned air system, that was developed specifically for maritime patrol operations, and proceeds with a discussion of possible ways to guarantee that the unmanned air system does not collide with other flying objects. In the system developed, the position of the unmanned air system is obtained by the global positioning system and that of other flying objects is reported via a data link with a ground control station. This assumes that the detection of those flying objects is done by a radar in the ground or by self-reporting via a traffic monitoring system (such as automatic identification system). The algorithm developed is based on game theory. The approach is to handle both the procedures, threat detection phase and collision avoidance maneuver, in a unified fashion, where the optimal command for each possible relative attitude of the obstacle is computed off-line, therefore requiring low processing power for real-time operation. This work was done under the research project named SEAGULL that aims to improve maritime situational awareness using fleets of unmanned air system, where collision avoidance becomes a major concern.

scholarly journals The Availability Of Automatic Identification System (AIS) Based On Latency Position Reports In The Gulf Of Gdansk

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Jaskólski
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Integrated Navigation ◽  
Gulf Of Gdańsk ◽  
Integrated Navigation System ◽  
Navigation Data ◽  
Gulf Of Gdansk

AbstractThe problem of determining geographic position considered only in terms of measurement error, seems to be solved on a global scale. In view of the above, from the nineties, the operational characteristics of radio-navigation systems are equally important. The integrated navigation system operate in a multi-sensor environment and it is important to determinate a temporal validity of data to make it usable in data fusion process. In the age of digital data processing, the requirements for continuity, availability, reliability and integrity information are already grown. This article analyses the problem of time stamp discrepancies of dynamic position reports. For this purpose, the statistical summary of Latency Position Reports has been presented. The navigation data recordings were conducted during 30 days of March 2014 from 19 vessels located in area of Gulf of Gdansk. On the base of Latency Position Reports it is possible to designate the availability of AIS system.

The ‘ALVA CAPE’ and the Automatic Identification System: The Use of VHF in Collision Avoidance at Sea

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Samuel Johnson ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
Radio Technology ◽  
Marine Navigation

One of the most controversial issues relating to marine navigation is the efficacy of ships' crews using VHF radio technology for bridge-to-bridge communications to agree manoeuvres. Through a re-evaluation of historic case studies, this paper provides background on the development of applying VHF technology in collision avoidance and the legislation, national and international, underpinning the practice; a practice that has found little or no support from the legal establishment. Finally the consequential development of a policy to require specific VHF technology to be installed on ships to facilitate agreements in relation to collision avoidance manoeuvres will be reviewed, that is the Automatic Identification System (AIS).Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. Samuel Johnson

scholarly journals Detection of Spoofing Used Against the GNSS-Like Underwater Navigation Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Abramowski ◽  
Mateusz Bilewski ◽  
Larisa Dobryakova ◽  
Evgeny Ochin ◽  
Janusz Uriasz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Software Modeling ◽  
Static Mode ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Underwater Positioning ◽  
Spoofing Detection ◽  
Underwater Navigation

The purpose of the work is an underwater positioning safety study that used the GNSS-like underwater navigation systems. In the process of research, we used the methods of software modeling of underwater spoofing processes. The spoofing problem consists of three stages: design of spoofers, design of spoofing detection systems, and design of anti-spoofing systems. This article discusses some methods of spoofing detection. We briefly describe the known methods of underwater positioning systems. Unlike GNSS, currently only LNSS (Local Navigation Satellite System) can be considered in this case. Spoofing detection systems with one hydrophone are of great practical importance, as they allow for use of standard hydroacoustic equipment. However, detection of spoofing is not possible in static mode, which is with underwater vehicle at rest. In case of two hydrophones the detection of spoofing in static mode is possible. We discuss the navigation based on the use of an acoustically passive receiver. The receiver “listens” to the buoys and solves the problem of finding its own position using the coordinates of the buoys (such systems are called GNSS-like Underwater Positioning Systems or GNSS-like UPS). Depending on the scale of system service area, GNSS-like UPS-es are divided into global, regional, zonal and local systems. In this article, we take into account only the local class of GNSS-like UPS. The acoustic signal generator transmits a simulation of several buoy signals. If the level of the simulated signal exceeds the signal strength of actual buoys, the UPS receiver will “lock onto” the fake signal and then calculate a false position basing on it. The development of further research should be focused on the creation of hardware and software systems for conducting physical experiments at depths up to 400 m.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of a Medium Frequency Offshore Grid for Identification Of Vessels Sailing on High Density Maritime European Routes

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Alfonso López ◽  
Miguel Gutiérrez ◽  
Andrés Ortega ◽  
Cristina Puente ◽  
Alejandro Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grid Method ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
High Density ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Medium Frequency

Abstract The paper analyses the performance of an Automatic Vessel Identification System on Medium Frequency (AVISOMEF), which works with the Grid Method (GM) on high density maritime European routes using real data and uniformly distributed data. Compared to other systems, AVISOMEF is a novelty, as it is not a satellite system, nor is it limited by a given coverage distance, in contrast to the Automatic Identification System (AIS), though in exceptional circumstances it leans towards it. To perform the analysis, special simulation software was developed. Moreover, a number of maritime routes along with their traffic density data were selected for the study. For each route, two simulations were performed, the first of which based on the uniform traffic distribution along the route, while the second one made use of real AIS data positioning of vessels sailing on the selected routes. The obtained results for both simulations made the basis for formulating conclusions regarding the capacity of selected routes to support AVISOMEF.

scholarly journals A Vessel Positioning Algorithm Based on Satellite Automatic Identification System

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shexiang Ma ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Xin Meng ◽  
Junfeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Satellite System ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Additional Measurement ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
Interactive Multiple Model ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Positioning Algorithm ◽  
Model Algorithm

Vessels can obtain high precision positioning by using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), but when the ship borne GNSS receiver fails, the existence of an alternative positioning system is important for the navigation safety of vessel. In this paper, a localization method based on the signals transmitted by satellite-based automatic identification system (AIS) is proposed for vessel in GNSS-denied environments. In the proposed method, the positioning model is a modification on the basis of time difference and frequency difference of arrival measurements by introducing an additional measurement, and the measurement is obtained through the interactive multiple model algorithm. The performance of the proposed strategy is evaluated through simulations, and the results validate the feasibility and reliability of vessel localization based on satellite-based AIS.

scholarly journals Virtual Electronic Aids to Navigation for Remote and Ecologically Sensitive Regions

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Glenn Wright ◽  
Michael Baldauf
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Ship Navigation ◽  
Potential Methods ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Vessel traffic in the Arctic is expanding in volume both within and transiting the region, yet the infrastructure necessary to support modern ship navigation is lacking. This includes aids to navigation such as buoys and beacons that can be difficult to place and maintain in this hostile environment that stretches across vast distances. The results of research are described which determine whether virtual electronic Aids to Navigation (eAtoN) existing entirely as digital information objects can overcome the practical limitations of physical aids to navigation (AtoN) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) radio eAtoN. Capabilities unique to virtual eAtoN that are not available using either physical or AIS radio technologies are also examined including dynamic and real time properties and immunity to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and AIS spoofing, aliasing, denial of service attacks and service outages. Conclusions are provided describing potential methods of deployment based upon similar concepts already in use.

Inland Ship Trajectory Restoration by Recurrent Neural Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (06) ◽  
pp. 1359-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhong ◽  
Zhonglian Jiang ◽  
Xiumin Chu ◽  
Lei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Linear Method ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Data Restoration ◽  
Complicated Geometry

The quality of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data is of fundamental importance for maritime situational awareness and navigation risk assessment. To improve operational efficiency, a deep learning method based on Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks (BLSTM-RNNs) is proposed and applied in AIS trajectory data restoration. Case studies have been conducted in two distinct reaches of the Yangtze River and the capability of the proposed method has been evaluated. Comparisons have been made between the BLSTM-RNNs-based method and the linear method and classic Artificial Neural Networks. Satisfactory results have been obtained by all methods in straight waterways while the BLSTM-RNNs-based method is superior in meandering waterways. Owing to the bi-directional prediction nature of the proposed method, ship trajectory restoration is favourable for complicated geometry and multiple missing points cases. The residual error of the proposed model is computed through Euclidean distance which decreases to an order of 10 m. It is considered that the present study could provide an alternative method for improving AIS data quality, thus ensuring its completeness and reliability.

Vessel Spatio-temporal Knowledge Discovery with AIS Trajectories Using Co-clustering

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1383-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Wang ◽  
Cheng Zhu ◽  
Yun Zhou ◽  
Weiming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Discovery ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Multidimensional Arrays ◽  
Temporal Knowledge Discovery ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Vessel Motion ◽  
Occurrence Patterns

Large volumes of data collected by the Automatic Identification System (AIS) provide opportunities for studying both single vessel motion behaviours and collective mobility patterns on the sea. Understanding these behaviours or patterns is of great importance to maritime situational awareness applications. In this paper, we leveraged AIS trajectories to discover vessel spatio-temporal co-occurrence patterns, which distinguish vessel behaviours simultaneously in terms of space, time and other dimensions (such as ship type, speed, width etc.). To this end, available AIS data were processed to generate spatio-temporal matrices and spatio-temporal tensors (i.e., multidimensional arrays). We then imposed a sparse bilinear decomposition on the matrices and a sparse multi-linear decomposition on the tensors. Experimental results on a real-world dataset demonstrated the effectiveness of this methodology, with which we show the existence of connection among regions, time, and vessel attributes.

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