Data Layer Integration for The National Map of the United States

2009 ◽  
pp. 28-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lynn Usery ◽  
Michael P. Finn ◽  
Michael Starbuck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Combination Of Theories ◽  
Data Layer ◽  
Data Layers ◽  
Map Data ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The integration of geographic data layers in multiple raster and vector formats, from many different organizations and at a variety of resolutions and scales, is a significant problem for The National Map of the United States being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Our research has examined data integration from a layer-based approach for five of The National Map data layers: digital orthoimages, elevation, land cover, hydrography, and transportation. An empirical approach has included visual assessment by a set of respondents with statistical analysis to establish the meaning of various types of integration. A separate theoretical approach with established hypotheses tested against actual data sets has resulted in an automated procedure for integration of specific layers and is being tested. The empirical analysis has established resolution bounds on meanings of integration with raster datasets and distance bounds for vector data. The theoretical approach has used a combination of theories on cartographic transformation and generalization, such as Töpfer’s radical law, and additional research concerning optimum viewing scales for digital images to establish a set of guiding principles for integrating data of different resolutions.

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: Employment Issues in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Marlene Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Unemployment Rates

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) in the United States face problems of discrimination, the glass ceiling, and very high long-term unemployment rates. As a diverse population, although some Asian Americans are more successful than average, others, like those from Southeast Asia and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs), work in low-paying jobs and suffer from high poverty rates, high unemployment rates, and low earnings. Collecting more detailed and additional data from employers, oversampling AAPIs in current data sets, making administrative data available to researchers, providing more resources for research on AAPIs, and enforcing nondiscrimination laws and affirmative action mandates would assist this population.

Two Models of Public Opinion: Bacon's ‘New Logic’ and Diotima's ‘Tale of Love’ (The Prothero Lecture)

1974 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Beer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Democratic Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Work Done

It is appropriate that an American should address himself to the subject of public opinion. For, in terms of quantity, Americans have made the subject peculiarly their own. They have also invested it with characteristically American concerns. Most of the work done on the subject in the United States is oriented by a certain theoretical approach. This approach is democratic and rationalist. Both aspects create problems. In this paper I wish to play down the democratic problem, viz., how many of the voters are capable of thinking sensibly about public policy, and emphasize rather the difficulties that arise from modern rationalism. Here I take a different tack from most historians of the concept of public opinion, who, taking note of the origin of the term in the mid-eighteenth century, stress its connection with the rise of representative government and democratic theory.

Is the New Immigration Less Skilled Than the Old?

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
George J. Borjas ◽  
Barry R. Chiswick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
World War ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Asian Immigration ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This chapter analyzes trends in the skills of immigrants to the United States in the post-World War II period. Changes in the supply, demand, and institutional factors determining immigration are analyzed for their implications for immigrant skills. The empirical analysis uses INS administrative data, the 1970 and 1980 Censuses, and the 1976 Survey of Income and Education. Relatively more immigrants are now coming from countries whose nationals earn less in the United States. The schooling level of immigrants has been fairly stable; the declining level for the growing Hispanic immigration is offset by the high level of the increasing Asian immigration. Immigrant quality, ceteris paribus, is analyzed. Policy implications are discussed.

Diabetic Data Warehouses

2011 ◽  
pp. 359-363
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Breault
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Massive Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Massive Data Sets ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences convened in 1995 for a conference on massive data sets. The presentation on health care noted that “massive applies in several dimensions . . . the data themselves are massive, both in terms of the number of observations and also in terms of the variables . . . there are tens of thousands of indicator variables coded for each patient” (Goodall, 1995, paragraph 18). We multiply this by the number of patients in the United States, which is hundreds of millions.

scholarly journals BRCA1/2 Variant Data-Sharing Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juli M. Bollinger ◽  
Abhi Sanka ◽  
Lena Dolman ◽  
Rachel G. Liao ◽  
Robert Cook-Deegan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Sharing ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
The World ◽  
Diverse Data

Accessing BRCA1/2 data facilitates the detection of disease-associated variants, which is critical to informing clinical management of risks. BRCA1/2 data sharing is complex and many practices exist. We describe current BRCA1/2 data-sharing practices, in the United States and globally, and discuss obstacles and incentives to sharing, based on 28 interviews with personnel at U.S. and non-U.S. clinical laboratories and databases. Our examination of the BRCA1/2 data-sharing landscape demonstrates strong support for and robust sharing of BRCA1/2 data around the world, increasing global accesses to diverse data sets.

scholarly journals Bed-load measurements on large, sand-bed rivers in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 06021
Author(s):  
David Abraham ◽  
Tate McAlpin ◽  
Keaton Jones
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transport Rate ◽  
Bed Load ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Load Transport ◽  
Section Surface

The movement of bed forms (sand dunes) in large sand-bed rivers is being used to determine the transport rate of bed load. The ISSDOTv2 (Integrated Section Surface Difference Over Time version 2) methodology uses time sequenced differences of measured bathymetric surfaces to compute the bed-load transport rate. The method was verified using flume studies [1]. In general, the method provides very consistent and repeatable results, and also shows very good fidelity with most other measurement techniques. Over the last 7 years we have measured, computed and compiled what we believe to be the most extensive data set anywhere of bed-load measurements on large, sand bed rivers. Most of the measurements have been taken on the Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio and Snake Rivers in the United States. For cases where multiple measurements were made at varying flow rates, bed-load rating curves have been produced. This paper will provide references for the methodology, but is intended more to discuss the measurements, the resulting data sets, and current and potential uses for the bed-load data.

The State Wealth-Legislative Compensation Effect

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peverill Squire
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Compensation Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Simple Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Labour Economics ◽  
Economics Literature

Abstract. Legislative scholars have paid almost no attention to explanations for the level of compensation provided to legislators, either within a country or cross-nationally, despite its importance to members and institutions. I posit a simple theory based on state wealth to explain differences in legislative pay. I test this theory using two novel data sets, one on 35 national assemblies, the other on subnational assemblies in Australia, Canada, Germany and the United States. Analysis of these data reveals that national or state wealth is strongly associated with legislator compensation. This finding is consistent with an intriguing analog in the labour economics literature.Résumé. Les érudits du monde législatif ne se sont guère penchés sur les raisons des divers niveaux de rémunération des législateurs, à l'échelle nationale ou transnationale, malgré l'importance du sujet pour les institutions et les membres des législatures. Pour expliquer cette disparité, j'avance une simple théorie fondée sur la richesse des États. J'évalue ensuite cette théorie en m'appuyant sur deux nouvelles bases de données, la première portant sur 35 assemblées nationales et l'autre sur des assemblées sous-nationales en Australie, au Canada, en Allemagne et aux États-Unis. Ces analyses statistiques démontrent qu'il existe effectivement un lien étroit entre la richesse de l'État et la rémunération des législateurs. Cette constatation est confirmée par une analogie fascinante dans la littérature sur l'économique du travail.

Relative Demand and Supply of Skills and Wage Rigidity in the United States, Britain, and Western Germany

2008 ◽  
Vol 228 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Puhani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Wage Rigidity ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Relative Demand ◽  
The Us ◽  
Wage Compression

SummaryI extend a two-skill group model by Katz and Murphy (1992) to estimate relative demand and supply for skills as well as wage rigidity in Germany. Using three data sets for Germany, two for Britain and one for the United States, I simulate the change in relative wage rigidity (wage compression) in all three countries during the early and mid 1990s, this being the period when unemployment increased in Germany but fell in Britain and the US. I show that in this period, Germany experienced wage compression (relative wage rigidity), whereas Britain and the US experienced wage decompression. This evidence is consistent with the Krugman (1994) hypothesis.

scholarly journals Trends in Aggregate Concentration in the United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J White
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Aggregate Concentration ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The U.S

I assemble two rarely used data sets to measure aggregate concentration in the U.S. in the 1980s and 1990s. Despite the merger waves of those decades, aggregate concentration declined in the 1980s and the early 1990s, but rose modestly in the late 1990s. The levels at the end of the decade were at or below the levels of the late 1980s or early 1990s. The average size of firm and the relative importance of larger size classes of firms increased, however. Gini coefficients for employment and payroll shares of companies showed moderate but steady increases from 1988 through 1999.

scholarly journals Phylogeny and Floral Character Evolution of Mentzelia Section Bicuspidaria (Loasaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-314
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Brokaw ◽  
John J. Schenk ◽  
Jessica K. Devitt ◽  
Destiny J. Brokaw
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Nuclear Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Character State ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Floral Character ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscapes ◽  
Northwestern Mexico

Abstract—Mentzelia section Bicuspidaria (Loasaceae) is a monophyletic group of desert ephemerals that inhabit the complex, heterogeneous landscapes of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. To investigate species circumscriptions and evolutionary relationships in M. sect. Bicuspidaria, we employed phylogeny reconstructions based on DNA sequences from the plastid trnL-trnF, trnS-trnfM, ndhF-rpl32, and rpl32-trnL regions and the nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS regions. Due to evidence of discordant relationships reconstructed from the plastid and nuclear partitions, we used coalescent-based methods in addition to concatenated data sets to estimate the species tree. Maximum likelihood reconstructions based on the combined plastid and nuclear data and coalescent-based reconstructions inferred congruent, fully-resolved species-level phylogenies of M. sect. Bicuspidaria. A monophyletic M. sect. Bicuspidaria was composed of two main clades, which corresponded to a clade of species endemic to the United States composed of M. reflexa, M. tricuspis, and M. tridentata that was sister to a clade of species at least partially distributed in Mexico, composed of M. hirsutissima and M. involucrata. Despite the unusual floral morphology of M. reflexa, molecular reconstructions placed M. reflexa sister to M. tridentata. All species of M. sect. Bicuspidaria were monophyletic, except for M. hirsutissima, which was composed of two distinct lineages and paraphyletic with respect to M. involucrata. The northern clade of M. hirsutissima from California and Baja California was sister to M. involucrata, and both, in turn, were sister to a geographically disjunct southern clade of M. hirsutissima from Baja California Sur and Cedros Island. These phylogeny reconstructions provide evidence for the inclusion of five species in M. sect. Bicuspidaria and have uncovered cryptic diversity that has been largely unrecognized. Character state reconstructions based on the phylogeny of M. sect. Bicuspidaria suggest innovative and, at times, homoplasious floral evolution.

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