A Historical Review of Creative Technologies

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy M. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
World War ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

This chapter provides a historical overview of the emergence of the creative technologies, tracing the usage of associated terms back to the close of the Second World War. An overall analysis of the reviewed literature suggests that the growth of the field was relatively slow prior to the year 2000; however since the turn of the millennium there has been an explosion of interest. The origin of creative technology is firmly places in the engineering disciplines with a focus on soundness of technology; however over time the field has expanded to include more artistic foci. This change in focus is discussed in light of how the creative technologies are viewed today and future directions of the field are discussed.

Pioneers in International Administration: A Prosopography of the Directors of the League of Nations Secretariat

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Kahlert
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article investigates interwar internationalism from the perspective of the highest personnel of the first large-scale international administration, the League of Nations Secretariat. It applies a prosopographical approach in order to map out the development of the composition of the group of the section directors of the Secretariat over time in terms of its social and cultural characteristics and career trajectories. The analysis of gender, age, nationality, as well as educational and professional backgrounds and careers after their service for the League’s Secretariat gives insight on how this group changed over time and what it tells us about interwar internationalism. I have three key findings to offer in this article: First, the Secretariat was far from being a static organization. On the contrary, the Secretariat’s directors developed in three generations each with distinct characteristics. Second, my analysis demonstrates a clear trend towards professionalization and growing maturity of the administration over time. Third, the careers of the directors show a clear pattern of continuity across the Second World War and beyond. Even though the careers continued in different organizational contexts, the majority of the directors remained closely connected to the world of internationalism of the League, the UN world and its surrounding organizations. On a methodological level, the article offers an example of how prosopographical analysis can be used to study international organizations.

Part I Historical Overview, Ch.2 Intellectual Cooperation Organisation, Unesco, And The Culture Conventions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrdoljak Ana Filipa ◽  
Meskell Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Field ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Second World

This chapter provides an overview of multilateral interventions in the field of cultural heritage and its legal protection over the last century by focusing on the work of specialist cultural international organizations that have spearheaded the adoption and implementation of the leading treaties. The first part examines the early work of the League of Nations’ Intellectual Cooperation Organisation from the 1920s to the Second World War. The second part considers the work of its successor, UNESCO from the mid-twentieth century to the present day. The concluding observations consider the challenges which both organizations faced in realizing their mission in the cultural field. A deeper understanding of the ideals, challenges, and tensions which have marked the internal workings of UNESCO, its forerunner, and their Members States is fundamental to appreciating the instruments and initiatives in the cultural field that they adopted and seek to implement.

Enlarging Yugoslavia: Tito's Quest for Expansion, 1945–1948

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Niebuhr
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

When Yugoslav strongman Josip Broz Tito secured power at the end of the Second World War, he had envisioned for himself a new Yugoslavia that would serve as the center of power for the Balkan Peninsula. First, he worked to ensure a Yugoslav presence in the Trieste region of Italy and southern Austria as a way to gain territory inhabited by Slovenes and Croats; meanwhile, his other foreign policy escapades sought to make Yugoslavia into a major European power. To that end, Yugoslav agents quickly worked to synchronize the Albanian socio-economic and political systems through their support of Albanian Partisans and only grew emboldened over time. As allies who proved themselves in the fight against fascism, Yugoslav policymakers felt able to act with impunity throughout the early post-Cold War period. The goal of this article is to highlight this early foreign policy by focusing on three case studies – Trieste, Carinthia, and Albania – as part of an effort to reinforce the established argument over Tito's quest for power in the early Cold War period.

Party Voting in the United States Congress

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel C. Patterson ◽  
Gregory A. Caldeira
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Party Voting ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

By the standard of most European parliaments, levels of party voting in the United States Congress are relatively low. Nevertheless, party voting does occur in the House of Representatives and the Senate. In the American context, a party vote occurs when majorities of the two congressional parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, oppose one another. The authors construct measurements of levels of party voting in Congress in the years after the Second World War. They then develop a model to test the effects of a number of independent variables that influence fluctuations in party voting levels over time. The study models the time series for party voting and demonstrates striking differences between the House and Senate in the correlates of partisan cleavage.

Digitale ontsluiting van het Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging : Mogelijkheden en onmogelijkheden

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-324
Author(s):  
Ismee Tames
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Digital Access to the Legal Files of those tried for Nazi collaboration in the Netherlands: Possibilities and ImpossibilitiesThis article reflects on the findings of a pilot project called Triado that digitized a sample of the 4km of legal files created by the Special Jurisdiction for investigating Dutch Nazi collaboration (CABR) in the years after the Second World War. We show that large scale digitization may help to analyze complex historical sources in new ways, thus deepening our understanding of the consequences of war and genocide. However, this can be achieved only if all specialists involved develop ways to deal with ambiguity in the sources: instead of disambiguation we need mixed approaches that allow for data to have multiple meanings and for interpretation of meaning to change over time. This article offers suggestions and gives a brief overview of some of the possibilities for researchers and lay users of digitized historical sources.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Davies
Keyword(s):  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Second World War ◽  
John Bunyan ◽  
World War ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Figure ◽  
Literature Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World

This chapter introduces The Oxford Handbook of John Bunyan. It reflects upon Bunyan’s ‘presence’ as a religious and historical figure and an author of major significance for literature, culture, and politics, both in the past and the present, in Britain and across the world. It contests the oft-alleged myth that Bunyan’s relevance has waned dramatically since the Second World War, being popular now, we are often told, only within academia and among evangelicals. By contrast, this chapter considers the living ‘resonance’ of Bunyan’s writings and of his legacy both in and for art, literature, and popular culture now in the broader terms of human rights and civil liberties, on the one hand, and a ‘memorial dynamics’ and the ‘portability’ of his works on the other. This chapter addresses the rationale behind this volume, explains its structure, summarizes its contents, and reflects too upon some future directions for ‘Bunyan studies’.

scholarly journals Narrating “Home”: Experiences of German Expellees after the Second World War

Refuge ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Forced Displacement ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

This article explores the experiences of forced displacement through the narratives of expellees in Germany after the Second World War. It considers how disruptions of “home” over time and space have led to constant deconstructing and reconstructing of home. Based on autobiographical interviews, this article argues that home is multidimensional and contradictory, changing over time and through experiences, becoming simultaneously connected to a specific place and time while transcending this rootedness. This continuous contestation of home has led expellees to form an imagined, idealized, and romanticized notion of their Heimat that exists in memory and is combined with their current home, Zuhause.

scholarly journals Continuity and Decline. Temporal Expression of Denominational Cemeteries in Contemporary Times

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-96
Author(s):  
Anna Majewska
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

The study attempts to systematize the leading transformations observed nowadays in denominational cemeteries located in Poland. The time frame of the analyses was limited to the period from the end of the Second World War to the present. Four basic types of transformations have been distinguished and divided into two main directions of changes reported over time, namely: harmonious temporal expression (stagnation/decline, continuation) and disharmonious temporal expression (desacralisation, resacralisation and commemoration). Each type of transformation is discussed separately based on selected examples. However, it needs to be emphasised that the proposed division is not disjunctive as considering the multitude of factors that determine changes in the material structures of cemeteries, processes sometimes run parallel to each other or overlap in time.

scholarly journals WALLERSTEIN, ARRIGHI E AMIN: O IMPERIALISMO NO CAPITALISMO FORDISTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Felipe Brandão Osorio
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World Production ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Production Relations ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

Imperialism takes on a new guise after the Second World War. In a panorama of expanding production relations, capitalism becomes, in fact, a mode of world production, based on Fordism. In this dynamic, new elements are incorporated into the analysis of international relations, such as the periphery, unequal exchanges, the transfer of value, and the world system, which end up not only eclipsing imperialism but also giving it other outlines. In this tone, it is necessary to investigate three influential authors, such as Wallerstein, Arrighi, and Amin, demonstrating their place and their limits in the central debate of international relations. Over time, the three, due to the vigor of their ideas and political engagement, became essential authors for criticizing the moment of capitalism in which we are inserted, even if it is to refute them. Studying it means unraveling yet another important knot in the task of investigating imperialism, an essential concept for understanding reality.

Trials and Tribulations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kinch
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
World War ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Elephant Man ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

The testing of new medicines is a complex, labor- and cost-intensive practice that has evolved over the past 200 years. This chapter explains some of the jargon used by medical practioners and industry scientists to explain how the cure for scurvy by a promising young British Navy captain gave rise to the naming of Royal Navy sailors as “limeys.” More than a century later, the Nazi atrocities of the Second World War likewise contributed to the rise of modern ethical practices and examples of how these have been implemented include the approval of breakthrough cancer medicines. In doing so, we discuss the different “phases” of clinical trials and relate the lessons learned from a tragic 2006 clinical trial in London that caused one volunteer's head to swell so large that he was referred to as “the Elephant Man.” By understanding how the size and intensity of clinical trials has grown over time, one begins to appreciate the parallel escalation of drug costs. Finally, we discuss the thalidomide crisis and how the bravery and persistance of a new female FDA employee overrode a multi-national conglomerate to prevent America from falling victim to the severe birth defects experienced by many other countries.

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