Generic Drugs in the Pharmaceutical Market

2016 ◽  
pp. 443-468
Author(s):  
Mercedes Rozano
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
National Brands ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditures ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Generic Market ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Generic Products

Over the past three decades, marketing has increased its interest in studying the role of generic products in the pharmaceutical sector, one that has only recently incorporated the concept of “generic” products, compared to others such as the mass market. Since the emergence of generic products as one of national brands' main competitors, these have shown significant growth in both their market share, as well as in new product categories. Initially, the concept of generic products was limited to categories of packaged foods and later extended to categories such as medicine. Pharmaceutical market presents an opportunity to analyze the expansion of the “generic” concept, in a strongly regulated framework. In Europe, different policies have resulted in a varying development of generic market shares. Today, the sustainability of health system is a matter of increasing concern to European governments. Generic drugs offer an opportunity to contain pharmaceutical expenditures, since generic price are lower than their original brand equivalent. Developing this market is the main objective.

Generic Drugs in the Pharmaceutical Market

2019 ◽  
pp. 1236-1261
Author(s):  
Mercedes Rozano
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
National Brands ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditures ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Generic Market ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Generic Products

Over the past three decades, marketing has increased its interest in studying the role of generic products in the pharmaceutical sector, one that has only recently incorporated the concept of “generic” products, compared to others such as the mass market. Since the emergence of generic products as one of national brands' main competitors, these have shown significant growth in both their market share, as well as in new product categories. Initially, the concept of generic products was limited to categories of packaged foods and later extended to categories such as medicine. Pharmaceutical market presents an opportunity to analyze the expansion of the “generic” concept, in a strongly regulated framework. In Europe, different policies have resulted in a varying development of generic market shares. Today, the sustainability of health system is a matter of increasing concern to European governments. Generic drugs offer an opportunity to contain pharmaceutical expenditures, since generic price are lower than their original brand equivalent. Developing this market is the main objective.

scholarly journals The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of Poland

Ekonomia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-260
Author(s):  
Julia Matsuieva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of PolandIn this paper has been done a review of the existing situation on European pharmaceutical market. It was found that the Polish pharmaceutical market is quite different from other countries of the European Union. The share of generic medicines in Poland is the highest in the European Union. Quantitatively about 85% of the pharmaceutical market is composed of generic drugs. The social role of generics is expressed in their accessibility, affordable price, diversity and security for the most vulnerable part of the population — people with various health problems. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of generic medicines in both saving of the state’s budgets and the rational use of public fi nances.

Evaluating Emerging Indian Retail Scenario

2019 ◽  
pp. 282-306
Author(s):  
Shivali Pande ◽  
Aishwarya Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
National Brands ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Brand Strategies ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Insight Into

Globalization seems to have achieved ultimate penetration—the plethora of choice a consumer faces in any given product or service is only a testament to the fact. Worldwide, consumers are presented the options to choose between store brands (or generic/local brands, as they are sometimes known) and national brands. The choices consumers make are reflective of their perceptions about either brand and thus provide an insight into the perceived risks that consumers associate with store or national brands. This risk creates an uncertainty of consumer base and threatens the stability of market shares for brands. The chapter aims to study the various perceived risks consumers associate with brands across two product categories: consumer goods and hedonic goods. Consequently, solutions to change consumer perceptions or brand strategies have been provided so that brands may be able to reduce perceived risk associated with themselves and create a stable consumer base.

scholarly journals Under the Umbrella: Goal-Derived Category Construction and Product Category Nesting

2021 ◽  
pp. 000183922110123
Author(s):  
Johnny Boghossian ◽  
Robert J. David
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Derived Category ◽  
The State ◽  
Product Attributes ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Market Intermediaries ◽  
Category Construction

Categories are organized vertically, with product categories nested under larger umbrella categories. Meaning flows from umbrella categories to the categories beneath them, such that the construction of a new umbrella category can significantly reshape the categorical landscape. This paper explores the construction of a new umbrella category and the nesting beneath it of a product category. Specifically, we study the construction of the Quebec terroir products umbrella category and the nesting of the Quebec artisanal cheese product category under this umbrella. Our analysis shows that the construction of umbrella categories can unfold entirely separately from that of product categories and can follow a distinct categorization process. Whereas the construction of product categories may be led by entrepreneurs who make salient distinctive product attributes, the construction of umbrella categories may be led by “macro actors” removed from the market. We found that these macro actors followed a goal-derived categorization process: they first defined abstract goals and ideals for the umbrella category and only subsequently sought to populate it with product categories. Among the macro actors involved, the state played a central role in defining the meaning of the Quebec terroir category and mobilizing other macro actors into the collective project, a finding that suggests an expanded role of the state in category construction. We also found that market intermediaries are important in the nesting of product categories beneath new umbrella categories, notably by projecting identities onto producers consistent with the goals of the umbrella category. We draw on these findings to develop a process model of umbrella category construction and product category nesting.

scholarly journals Mergers with Differentiated Products: Where Do We Stand?

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-212
Author(s):  
Tommaso Valletti ◽  
Hans Zenger
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Differentiated Products ◽  
Horizontal Merger ◽  
10Th Anniversary ◽  
Merger Guidelines ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Unilateral Effects ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Differentiated Product Markets

AbstractOn the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the 2010 U.S. Horizontal Merger Guidelines, this article provides an overview of the state of economic analysis of unilateral effects in mergers with differentiated products. Drawing on our experience with merger enforcement in Europe, we discuss both static and dynamic competition, with a special emphasis on the calibration of competitive effects. We also discuss the role of market shares and structural presumptions in differentiated product markets.

scholarly journals National Versus Private-Label Brands: Dynamics, Conceptual Framework, And Empirical Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias G. Rizkallah ◽  
Heather Miller
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Private Label ◽  
Store Brands ◽  
National Brand ◽  
National Brands ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Private Label Brands ◽  
Empirical Perspective

Motivated by profits and their growing power in the marketplace, retailers have been expanding their private-label brands to include more categories of consumer products and differentiation on quality to reach different consumer segments. This global phenomenon is adversely impacting the performance of national brands, thus creating a conflict between two powerful parties manufacturers of national brands and their large retailers who are supposed to be their helping hands in the marketplace. In this paper, the authors develop a conceptual framework, which captures the complexity and multidimensionality of the situation the stakeholders involved, the interest and power of each, the relationships among them, various strategies they employ, and the outcomes of the conflict. Several hypotheses were examined and tested through the empirical part of this study; for example, would the powers of these parties determine who is the loser and who is the winner or will the verdict be in the hands of the consumers? The study surveyed 281 consumers to assess their attitudes toward and preferences of store brands versus national brands across product categories and the underlying motivations. The paper concludes with recommendations for retailers and national brand manufacturers to win the hearts of consumers rather than exhaust their resources in the conflict.

scholarly journals Generic drugs: international trends and policy developments in Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Lofgren
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
International Trends ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

Public and private third-party payers in many countries encourage or mandate the use of generic drugs. This articleexamines the development of generics policy in Australia, against the background of a description of internationaltrends in this area, and related experiences of reference pricing programs. The Australian generics market remainsunderdeveloped due to a historical legacy of small Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme price differentials betweenoriginator brands and generics. It is argued that policy measures open to the Australian government can be conceivedas clustering around two different approaches: incremental changes within the existing regulatory framework, or a shifttowards a high volume/low price role of generics which would speed up the delivery of substantial cost savings, andcould provide enhanced scope for the financing of new, patented drugs.

Paying the right price for pharmaceuticals: a case study of why the comparator matters

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Spinks ◽  
Jeff R. J. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Regulatory Capture ◽  
Pharmaceutical Pricing ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditures ◽  
Public Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Effective Use

This article considers the pricing policy for pharmaceuticals in Australia, which is widely seen as having achieved low drug prices. However, compared to New Zealand, the evidence implies that Australia might have improved its performance significantly if it had proactively sought market best pricing. The Australian record suggests that the information sought by authorities may not be sufficient for optimal pricing and that the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals may be neither necessary nor sufficient for achieving this goal. What is known about the topic? Pharmaceutical expenditures vary significantly across countries. Few surveys exist to determine the role of price but these suggest that Australian prices are relatively low compared with most OECD countries. What does this paper add? An analysis of public data implies that Australia pays significantly higher prices than NZ for its pharmaceuticals. This is attributable to NZ’s more effective use of competition, especially in the market for generics. Australian policy effectively limits competition by the provision of price information to competing companies. Recent agreements are similarly consistent with de facto regulatory capture. What are the implications for practitioners? There should be a review of pharmaceutical pricing policies with the criterion for success being the ‘lowest’, not ‘comparable’ world prices. Comparators should include prices paid for quality drugs in all, not selected countries, where data are available.

scholarly journals The role of nutritional labelling and signposting from a European perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Buttriss
Keyword(s):  
Information Provision ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Nutrition Labelling ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Labelling Information ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Composition Table ◽  
Past Half

The past half-century has been characterised by major technological developments and massive societal change, which have profoundly changed how food is produced, processed, sold and consumed. These days we are faced with a huge choice of pre-packaged foods when we shop in modern supermarkets and we can buy seasonal food all year round, in and out of season. For decades now, the need to guide choice has been recognised, and retailers and many manufacturers have provided increasing amounts of on-pack information and signposting, and more recently UK retailers have led the way in championing front-of-pack information provision, to supplement the standard back-of-pack nutrient composition table. From a European perspective, the present paper summarises developments in nutrition labelling information and signposting, the legislation that controls on-pack declarations, and research conducted to assess whether or not the information is used, understood and supports healthier choices. It also considers whether more could be done to influence behaviour change positively, giving examples of approaches identified in the research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document