scholarly journals The role of nutritional labelling and signposting from a European perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Buttriss
Keyword(s):  
Information Provision ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Nutrition Labelling ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Labelling Information ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Composition Table ◽  
Past Half

The past half-century has been characterised by major technological developments and massive societal change, which have profoundly changed how food is produced, processed, sold and consumed. These days we are faced with a huge choice of pre-packaged foods when we shop in modern supermarkets and we can buy seasonal food all year round, in and out of season. For decades now, the need to guide choice has been recognised, and retailers and many manufacturers have provided increasing amounts of on-pack information and signposting, and more recently UK retailers have led the way in championing front-of-pack information provision, to supplement the standard back-of-pack nutrient composition table. From a European perspective, the present paper summarises developments in nutrition labelling information and signposting, the legislation that controls on-pack declarations, and research conducted to assess whether or not the information is used, understood and supports healthier choices. It also considers whether more could be done to influence behaviour change positively, giving examples of approaches identified in the research.

scholarly journals Forest Economies: A Remedy to Amazonian Deforestation?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Juan José Del Valle Coello
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Past Half

Commonly described as the “lungs of the planet,” the Amazon rainforest represents over half of the remaining rainforest in the world, constituting an important global carbon sink and one of the most culturally- and biologically-diverse regions of the world. The past half-century has seen a worrisome amount of deforestation in this rainforest, but different regions within the Amazon, however, compare differently in terms of deforestation trajectories. What has been the role of products obtained from managing forests, such as the now globally-consumed açaí palm fruit, in reverting deforestation trends? My hypothesis is that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between such forest products and extent of deforestation. This study examines, within the historical and social context of the Amazon Delta and Estuary, the relationship between açaí agroforestry and deforestation. The focus units are the municípios (roughly equivalent to counties) that constitute the Amazon Delta and Estuary, all located in the northern Brazilian states of Amapá and Pará. Statistical data for deforestation obtained from PRODES, a Brazilian governmental project, which monitors deforestation via satellite, is used to ascertain deforestation in the region. This dataset is then correlated with census-based production data for each município for the period from 2002 to 2012. Mapping these variables onto municípios does visually demonstrate a contrast between areas of high deforestation and high açaí production; however, the relationship is not statistically significant. 

scholarly journals Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Davies ◽  
Dorothy Davies
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Novel Antibiotics

SUMMARY Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century. This is true, but the real wonder is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. The extraordinary genetic capacities of microbes have benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and every means of horizontal gene transmission to develop multiple mechanisms of resistance for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise. This review presents the salient aspects of antibiotic resistance development over the past half-century, with the oft-restated conclusion that it is time to act. To achieve complete restitution of therapeutic applications of antibiotics, there is a need for more information on the role of environmental microbiomes in the rise of antibiotic resistance. In particular, creative approaches to the discovery of novel antibiotics and their expedited and controlled introduction to therapy are obligatory.

The Military Nexus, I

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Major Development ◽  
Full Power ◽  
The Military ◽  
Past Half

This chapter examines the role of the military in the community of contentment. During the past half century, Communism was considered the most obtrusive threat to contentment. The perception that the military was a bulwark against Communism was the most significant support to the deeply embedded position of the military establishment in the culture of contentment. Fear of Communism was deep and fundamental in the psyche of the contented. Imperiled freedom, loss of liberty, was much cited; especially acute was the threat to private property. The chapter considers how the fear of Communism gave rise to a major development in the military power as that existed in the political economy of contentment: a further enormous increase in military and defense spending as the constituency of contentment gained full power in the 1980s—the arms buildup under Ronald Reagan.

On Categories and Configurations: Further Remarks on Rebuilding the American state

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Katznelson ◽  
Bruce Pietrykowski
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
American Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The New Deal ◽  
Past Half ◽  
American State

“Rebuilding the American State” was written in the manner of a bozzetto: it is a sketch drawn to reshape interlocking analytical and historiographical conversations and to suggest pathways joining the era of Roosevelt to the qualities and conundrums of postwar Democratic party liberalism. We underscored the key role of what might be called the long 1940s, stretching from the economic and political crisis faced by the New Deal in 1937–38 to the election in 1952 of the first Republican president since Hoover. We claimed that institutional and policy decisions taken across a number of domains in this period coherently recast the state and, in so doing, the contours and possibilities of American politics. We argued as well that old and new institutionalist approaches to state capacity have shared an unfortunate propensity to inventory organizational resources without regard to the normative and practical policy visions that define the content of what it is the state actually is meant to accomplish. In this light, simple dichotomous distinctions between weak and strong states appear as too blunt to sharply etch our understanding of the past half-century of American political development.

scholarly journals Fifty Years of Citrus Developmental Research: A Perspective

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 820-824
Author(s):  
Eliezer E. Goldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Past Half ◽  
The Way

An overview of the conceptual and methodological changes in citrus developmental research during the past half century is provided. Beginning with the hormonal era, the extensive use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is described and the presumed role of gibberellins in various stages of the reproductive processes is emphasized. Introduction of the source-sink concept opened the way for alternative, carbohydrate-mediated explanations of productivity and alternate bearing. The potential role of ethylene in citrus abscission and fruit ripening is reviewed. The recent adoption of genetic–molecular approaches paves the way for deeper understanding of citrus developmental enigmas.

Fifty Years of Migration, Fifty Years of Waiting: Turkey, Germany and the European Union

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Mandel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Motivating Factor ◽  
Past Half

This article describes and analyzes the complex relationship between Turkey, Germany, and the European Union over the past half-century. It asks why numerous other countries have jumped the queue and managed to gain entry, whereas Turkey has been left knocking at the door, presented with increasing obstacles through which it must pass. The role of Islam is examined as a motivating factor in the exclusion of Turkey. Also, the historical memory of the Ottoman Empire's relationship with Europe is discussed. The mixed reception and perceived problems of integration of the large population of people from Turkey and their descendants who arrived in the 1960s as "guestworkers" is put forth as a key obstacle to Turkey's admission to the European Union. Contradictions in policies and perceptions are highlighted as further impediments to accession.

scholarly journals Earth 2020: Science, society, and sustainability in the Anthropocene

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (16) ◽  
pp. 8683-8691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe D. Tortell
Keyword(s):  
Sustainability Science ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Face ◽  
Earth Day ◽  
Economics And Politics ◽  
Past Half

April 22, 2020, marks the 50th anniversary of Earth Day and the birth of the modern environmental movement. As we look back over the past half century, we can gain significant insights into the evolving human imprint on Earth’s biophysical systems, and the role of science and scientists in driving societal transitions toward greater sustainability. Science is a foundation for such transitions, but it is not enough. Rather, it is through wide collaborations across fields, including law, economics, and politics, and through direct engagement with civil society, that science can illuminate a better path forward. This is illustrated through a number of case studies highlighting the role of scientists in leading positive societal change, often in the face of strong oppositional forces. The past five decades reveal significant triumphs of environmental protection, but also notable failures, which have led to the continuing deterioration of Earth’s natural systems. Today, more than ever, these historical lessons loom large as we face increasingly complex and pernicious environmental problems.

Bacteria and fungi as insecticides

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Burges ◽  
R. A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Resistant Plant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Methods Of Control

The harmful role of insects as vectors of disease and destroyers of crops needs no emphasis. They can be combatted in many ways—by crop management techniques and by development of resistant plant strains, for example—but over the past half century increasing emphasis has been laid on the use of synthetic insecticides. These remain of crucial importance, but in recent years increasing attention has been directed to biological methods of control. This article reviews the possibilities of bacteria and fungi for destroying insects in the field and the degree of commercial success so far attained. This is an important complement to other methods of vegetative propagation discussed elsewhere in this issue by Professor J. P. Hudson.

Individuals and their families

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Malcolm Torry
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Family Patterns ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Past Half

This chapter examines the changing family patterns in the UK and argues that a benefits system containing a Citizen's Basic Income would go a long way towards meeting the needs of families and households, now and in the future. It first considers the ways in which households and the family have changed during the past half century, citing the ‘flexible employment market’ which gives rise to ‘whole communities in which it is very difficult to establish and maintain families’, and how a Citizen's Basic Income would enable households to benefit from the economies of scale that they generate. It then discusses the changing role of women and asks what kind of benefits system will most benefit women and enhance individual dignity. Finally, it describes the ways in which women are affected by the current tax and benefits structure and the ways they might be affected by a Citizen's Basic Income.

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