Cognitive Biases

2018 ◽  
pp. 27-75
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Complete List ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
The People ◽  
Alphabetical List

The cognitive bias would be a pattern of deviation in judgment, in which the inferences we make about other people and/or situations can be illogical. To continue understanding more about the phenomenon, in this chapter a complete list of cognitive biases are displayed. Within these cognitive biases, some were produced by the processing of information, social or group influence, heuristics, expectations of the people, personality traits, etc. Furthermore, within the list of cognitive biases, a more exhaustive explanation of the most important studied cognitive biases will be explained. In addition, the author creates a table with an alphabetical list of each cognitive bias found in scientific literature with a brief definition.

Cognitive Bias in Intelligence Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Whitesmith
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Intelligence Analysis ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Underlying Causes

Belief, Bias and Intelligence outlines an approach for reducing the risk of cognitive biases impacting intelligence analysis that draws from experimental research in the social sciences. It critiques the reliance of Western intelligence agencies on the use of a method for intelligence analysis developed by the CIA in the 1990’s, the Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH). The book shows that the theoretical basis of the ACH method is significantly flawed, and that there is no empirical basis for the use of ACH in mitigating cognitive biases. It puts ACH to the test in an experimental setting against two key cognitive biases with unique empirical research facilitated by UK’s Professional Heads of Intelligence Analysis unit at the Cabinet Office, includes meta-analysis into which analytical factors increase and reduce the risk of cognitive bias and recommends an alternative approach to risk mitigation for intelligence communities. Finally, it proposes alternative models for explaining the underlying causes of cognitive biases, challenging current leading theories in the social sciences.

scholarly journals Factors for the formation of Ukrainian religiosity

1999 ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
T. Dlinna
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Religious Dimensions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A

The key concept of our study is "religiosity". In scientific literature, it is most often correlated with an individual or a social group, a community and understands a set of certain attributes that are inherent to them and which find expression in faith and worship of supernatural both at the level of consciousness and at the level of behavior. The object of our study is the Ukrainian people (ethnos). It should be noted that religious studies in Soviet times did not take into account the fact that human existence is possible only in the conditions of a certain ethnic community, an individual is, above all, a certain ethnotype, and, moreover, it does not study the religious dimensions of the ethno-national being of that another people. Religion itself, if considered as a special, long-standing state of consciousness, as a certain system, which is a set of elements (ideas, representations) that interact with each other and with the environment, form a stable integrity, can be considered an integral part of ethno-national mentality. According to M.Kostomarov, folk religiosity is a special view that the people have in their religion and that it does not constitute any kind of whole religion, nor a certain sect. Today it is universally accepted that the national type of religiosity exists on the ordinary level of consciousness, is a complex syncretic entity. The history of its formation does not coincide with the history of the doctrine of a certain denomination. However, it is clear that the religiosity of Ukrainians, posing an integral part of the mentality and spirituality of the people, has a history of its formation. It is a consequence of the influence of a complex of factors that predetermined the way of life of the Ukrainian people in a certain natural geographic and cultural-historical space.

scholarly journals Emotional information-processing correlates of mental health in adolescence: A network analysis approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Parsons ◽  
Charlotte Booth ◽  
Annabel Songco ◽  
Elaine Fox
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Positive Mental Health ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Interpretation Biases ◽  
Model Complex ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Emotional Information Processing

The Combined Cognitive Bias Hypothesis proposes that emotional information processing biases associate with each other and may interact to conjointly influence mental health. Yet, little is known about the interrelationships amongst cognitive biases, particularly in adolescence. We used data from the CogBIAS longitudinal study (Booth et al. 2017), including 451 adolescents who completed measures of interpretation bias, memory bias, and a validated measure of general mental health in a typical population. We used a moderated network modelling approach to examine positive mental health related moderation of the cognitive bias network. Mental health was directly connected to positive and negative memory biases, and positive interpretation biases, but not negative interpretation biases. Further, we observed some mental health related moderation of the network structure. Network connectivity decreased with higher positive mental health scores. Network approaches allow us to model complex relationships amongst cognitive biases and develop novel hypotheses for future research.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic fields as an eco-hygienic problem of our time

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Dumanskyi ◽  
◽  
I.P. Koziarin ◽  
O.P. Ivakhno ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Biological Effect ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
The People ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Further Development

Objective: We performed the eco-hygienic assessment of electromagnetic fields as an environmental factor under modern conditions. Materials and methods: We determined a range of issues on the significance of electromagnetic fields of various frequencies and intensities in human vital activity on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature. Results and discussion: Taking into account the further development of the national economy of the country, safety and protection of the population from the effects of electromagnetic fields both in industry and everyday life remain one of the urgent problems, taking into consideration that their biological effect on the human organism is very complex and has not been completely studied. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the use of hand-held telephones and computers which are used by the people of different age, gender and physiological state of the organism. Therefore, the existing protection measures against the negative effect of EMF require further improvement and refinement. Conclusions: Protection of the population from the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation of various frequencies and intensities has been and remains an urgent eco-hygienic problem of mankind, and medical workers, engineers, biologists, ecologists and other specialists should participate in its solution.

Cognitive Bias and its Relationship to Decision Making: the Case of Talented Secondary Students in Jeddah: الانحياز المعرفي وعلاقته باتخاذ القرار لدى عينة من طالبات المرحلة الثانوية الموهوبات بمدينة جدة

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalal Hamid Al-Dhahri, Arwa Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, Mogeda El-Sa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
School Administration ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims at investigating the relationship between cognitive biases and decision making from a sample of gifted secondary students. It also aims at identifying the level of students’ cognitive biases and decision making and the differences in these two areas based on different classrooms. Random sampling was used to collect data from 139 female secondary students from the gifted group. Their age ranged between (16-18) with an average of (16.6), A descriptive method was adopted in the study. The research tools used consisted of DACOBS David Assessment of Cognitive biases Scale (Vander Gaag. et al., 2000), translated and standardized by the present researchers, and Tuistra’s decision making scale for teenagers (Tuinstra, et al., 2000). The findings of the study show a negative correlation between cognitive biases and decision making. Also, there were no differences between cognitive biases and decision making scores based on different classrooms. The study also shows a low level of students’ cognitive biases and a high level of decision making. The study recommends activating the role of mentors and students' counseling, planning for the values and behaviors that need to be acquired by students by including them in the annual goals of the school administration and participating in societal awareness and education.

The Argument and the Honey Pot

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-147
Author(s):  
Didier Maillat
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Positive Trait ◽  
Argument Evaluation ◽  
Construction Of Meaning ◽  
Contextual Environment

Abstract This paper proposes to harness the linguistic theory that looks at the construction of meaning in context – i.e., pragmatics – to investigate the contextual effects bearing on the interpretation of arguments in manipulative seduction contexts. Adopting a cognitively grounded relevance-theoretic approach, I will show that deceptive seduction is used primarily to strengthen the hearer’s perception of the seducer, thereby strengthening the standpoints and arguments s/he puts forward. In that sense, it will be argued, seductive moves function like contextual constraints on the interpretative processes. Exploring further the cognitive grounding of human interpretative processes, I will claim that many seductive manipulations rely on the halo effect – the cognitive bias whereby a positive trait (e.g., attractiveness) tends to spill over other personality traits (e.g., competence) – to create a contextual environment that will boost argument evaluation.

How personality traits influence management styles of construction project managers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-468
Author(s):  
Florence Y.Y. Ling ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Wei Ting Wong
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Team Leadership ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Management Styles ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The People

PurposeThis research investigates the dominant personality traits of construction project managers (PMs) and how their personality influences their management styles.Design/methodology/approachAn industry-wide survey with 70 PMs was conducted in Singapore. The survey data were subjected to inferential statistical tests. In-depth interviews were conducted with four subject matter experts.FindingsMajority of the sample PMs are male with age, education level and experience well spread. The dominant personality traits of PMs are found to be: high in Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness and low in Neuroticism. PMs adopt “team leadership” style in which they place high emphasis on both the work that they need to complete and the people they lead. Their Agreeableness and Conscientiousness may improve over time.Research limitations/implicationsThe correlations and regressions cannot prove causality.Practical implicationsIt is discovered that PMs who have high conscientiousness and high openness personalities are more likely to be leaders who are concerned for both the people that they lead and production outcomes. The implication is that employers may wish to conduct personality tests at the time of hiring to ensure good job match.Originality/valueThis study is novel because it integrated two areas of knowledge – personality traits and management style. The regression analysis discovered that Openness and Conscientiousness traits may be used to predict PMs' management styles. This suggests that if personality tests are administered at hiring stage, the outcomes may be used to match potential hires to the jobs that they are being considered for.

scholarly journals A Question of Control? Examining the Role of Control Conditions in Experimental Psychopathology using the Example of Cognitive Bias Modification Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon E. Blackwell ◽  
Marcella L. Woud ◽  
Colin MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cognitive Bias Modification ◽  
Experimental Psychopathology ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bias Modification ◽  
Experimental Modification ◽  
Translational Process

AbstractWhile control conditions are vitally important in research, selecting the optimal control condition can be challenging. Problems are likely to arise when the choice of control condition is not tightly guided by the specific question that a given study aims to address. Such problems have become increasingly apparent in experimental psychopathology research investigating the experimental modification of cognitive biases, particularly as the focus of this research has shifted from theoretical questions concerning mechanistic aspects of the association between cognitive bias and emotional vulnerability, to questions that instead concern the clinical efficacy of ‘cognitive bias modification’ (CBM) procedures. We discuss the kinds of control conditions that have typically been employed in CBM research, illustrating how difficulties can arise when changes in the types of research questions asked are not accompanied by changes in the control conditions employed. Crucially, claims made on the basis of comparing active and control conditions within CBM studies should be restricted to those conclusions allowed by the specific control condition employed. CBM studies aiming to establish clinical utility are likely to require quite different control conditions from CBM studies aiming to illuminate mechanisms. Further, conclusions concerning the clinical utility of CBM interventions cannot necessarily be drawn from studies in which the control condition has been chosen to answer questions concerning mechanisms. Appreciating the need to appropriately alter control conditions in the transition from basic mechanisms-focussed investigations to applied clinical research could greatly facilitate the translational process.

Cognitive Bias in Usability Testing

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Natesan ◽  
Morgan Walker ◽  
Shannon Clark
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Usability Testing ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Usability Study ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Overall Effectiveness

Cognitive bias is the tendency to subconsciously change ones actions or thought process based on someone else’s comments or behavior. It is important to consider cognitive bias when performing a usability study because it can significantly alter or impair the validity of the results. While cognitive bias cannot always be entirely eliminated, identifying key cognitive biases to which usability study results are particularly susceptible is the first step to mitigating them. Once experimenters are alert to these subtle traps, they can consider approaches that sidestep the biases and greatly improve the accuracy and overall effectiveness of a usability study.

Personality traits in parents of people with autism

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan O'Hanrahan ◽  
Michael Fitzgerald ◽  
Myra O'Regan
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
The People

AbstractObjectives: This study set out to explore if there were measurable personality characteristics specific to parents of people with autism.Method: Parents of 12 people with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of autism presented for the study. Each of the people with autism were matched where possible with a counterpart without autism but with a lifelong disability on parameters of age, sex and IQ level. Parents of the ‘autism’ and ‘non-autism’ groups were then interviewed in detail using four personality assessment instruments. Scores were tabulated for both mothers and fathers in each group and intergroup comparisons were made.Results: No significant personality profile difference was identifiable between the two parental groups.Conclusions: Personality traits specific to parents of people with autism are not identifiable in this study thus casting doubt on the validity of personality phenotypes as measurable heritability factors in autism.

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