Ethnic Associations and Entrepreneurship

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-105
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Social Spaces ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Black African ◽  
Secondary Range ◽  
Religious Associations ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ethnic Associations

The chapter interrogates the peculiarities of business and marketing activities among the Black Africans' organized social spaces such as religious associations, parties, and get-togethers. This demonstrates the ability of Black African groups to adjust to a secondary range of social conditions in the UK through the adoption of social networking practices that tracks the contours of their cultures and entrepreneurial agency.

Second-Generation Entrepreneurship

2018 ◽  
pp. 181-205
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Black African ◽  
The Uk

This chapter looks into the second-generation Black Africans in the UK diaspora and their activities (e.g., social and economic). The second-generation Black African entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs tend to have different enterprise tendencies and socio-cultural value compared to the first-generation Black Africans. Together with the analysis of their entrepreneurship, this chapter reviews their preparations, motivations, and experiences in the UK and the instrumentality of their agency in the development of their parents' homeland (ancestral home).

scholarly journals Self-sampling kits to increase HIV testing among black Africans in the UK: the HAUS mixed-methods study

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 1-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Seguin ◽  
Catherine Dodds ◽  
Esther Mugweni ◽  
Lisa McDaid ◽  
Paul Flowers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Black African ◽  
African People ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Stage 1

Background Timely diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enables access to antiretroviral treatment, which reduces mortality, morbidity and further transmission in people living with HIV. In the UK, late diagnosis among black African people persists. Novel methods to enhance HIV testing in this population are needed. Objectives To develop a self-sampling kit (SSK) intervention to increase HIV testing among black Africans, using existing community and health-care settings (stage 1) and to assess the feasibility for a Phase III evaluation (stage 2). Design A two-stage, mixed-methods design. Stage 1 involved a systematic literature review, focus groups and interviews with key stakeholders and black Africans. Data obtained provided the theoretical base for intervention development and operationalisation. Stage 2 was a prospective, non-randomised study of a provider-initiated, HIV SSK distribution intervention targeted at black Africans. The intervention was assessed for cost-effectiveness. A process evaluation explored feasibility, acceptability and fidelity. Setting Twelve general practices and three community settings in London. Main outcome measure HIV SSK return rate. Results Stage 1 – the systematic review revealed support for HIV SSKs, but with scant evidence on their use and clinical effectiveness among black Africans. Although the qualitative findings supported SSK distribution in settings already used by black Africans, concerns were raised about the complexity of the SSK and the acceptability of targeting. These findings were used to develop a theoretically informed intervention. Stage 2 – of the 349 eligible people approached, 125 (35.8%) agreed to participate. Data from 119 were included in the analysis; 54.5% (65/119) of those who took a kit returned a sample; 83.1% of tests returned were HIV negative; and 16.9% were not processed, because of insufficient samples. Process evaluation showed the time pressures of the research process to be a significant barrier to feasibility. Other major barriers were difficulties with the SSK itself and ethnic targeting in general practice settings. The convenience and privacy associated with the SSK were described as beneficial aspects, and those who used the kit mostly found the intervention to be acceptable. Research governance delays prevented implementation in Glasgow. Limitations Owing to the study failing to recruit adequate numbers (the intended sample was 1200 participants), we were unable to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of SSKs in increasing HIV testing in black African people. No samples were reactive, so we were unable to assess pathways to confirmatory testing and linkage to care. Conclusions Our findings indicate that, although aspects of the intervention were acceptable, ethnic targeting and the SSK itself were problematic, and scale-up of the intervention to a Phase III trial was not feasible. The preliminary economic model suggests that, for the acceptance rate and test return seen in the trial, the SSK is potentially a cost-effective way to identify new infections of HIV. Future work Sexual and public health services are increasingly utilising self-sampling technologies. However, alternative, user-friendly SSKs that meet user and provider preferences and UK regulatory requirements are needed, and additional research is required to understand clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness for black African communities. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42014010698 and Integrated Research Application System project identification 184223. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and the BHA for Equality in Health and Social Care.

Black African Entrepreneurship in the UK

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-89
Keyword(s):  
Black Africans ◽  
Black African ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
African Entrepreneurship

This chapter appraises the general literature of immigrant and ethnic entrepreneurship linking it with the evaluation of the nature and characteristics of the entrepreneurial activities of Black Africans in the UK. It aims to understand, within this context, the process, challenges, attribution, and outcome of their entrepreneurship.

Diaspora and Transnational Entrepreneurship

2018 ◽  
pp. 155-179
Keyword(s):  
African Diaspora ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Black African ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurship ◽  
Transnational Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Uk

This chapter appraises the phenomenon of diaspora entrepreneurs among UK-based Black Africans and the degree to which they have internationalized their businesses. In addition, the chapter examines the characteristics of Black African diaspora and transnational entrepreneurship and its similarities/differences with the ethnic entrepreneurship in the UK. Furthermore, concepts that surround this phenomenon such as remittances, diaspora direct investment are reviewed.

God in the marketplace: Pentecostalism and marketing ritualization among Black Africans in the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-372
Author(s):  
Sanya Ojo ◽  
Sonny Nwankwo
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Black African ◽  
Entrepreneurial Marketing ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Depth Interviews

Purpose This paper aims to examine market-mediated transformative capacities of Black African Pentecostalism. It does this by exploring the interface between religion, culture and identity to generate a fresh interpretation of how marketing is ritualized among UK’s Black Africans on the platform of Pentecostalism. Design/methodology/approach Methodology is based on in-depth interviews with respondents drawn from the African Pentecostal movements in London, UK. This paper shows how adherents’ responsiveness to Pentecostal dogmas generated market advantages. Findings The paper reveals the interconnectedness of religion, faith and culture which, in turn, coalesced into a dense network that defines the reproduction, organization and approach to entrepreneurial marketing. Originality/value Pentecostal practices unveil the marketing notion of “Pentepreneurship”, which combines both spiritual and enterprise activities to formulate a fused space of engagement straddling the sacred and the secular. This fusion points to a unique platform of entrepreneurial marketing that bestrides ethno-cultural, religious and economic identities.

scholarly journals High prevalence of non-dipping patterns among Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension: a secondary analysis of the CREOLE trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prossie Merab Ingabire ◽  
◽  
Dike B. Ojji ◽  
Brian Rayner ◽  
Elijah Ogola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Black African ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract Background Dipping of blood pressure (BP) at night is a normal physiological phenomenon. However, a non-dipping pattern is associated with hypertension mediated organ damage, secondary forms of hypertension and poorer long-term outcome. Identifying a non-dipping pattern may be useful in assessing risk, aiding the decision to investigate for secondary causes, initiating treatment, assisting decisions on choice and timing of antihypertensive therapy, and intensifying salt restriction. Objectives To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with non-dipping pattern and determine the effect of 6 months of three antihypertensive regimens on the dipping pattern among Black African hypertensive patients. Methods This was a secondary analysis of the CREOLE Study which was a randomized, single blind, three-group trial conducted in 10 sites in 6 Sub-Saharan African countries. The participants were 721 Black African patients, aged between 30 and 79 years, with uncontrolled hypertension and a baseline 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Dipping was calculated from the average day and average night systolic blood pressure measures. Results The prevalence of non-dipping pattern was 78% (564 of 721). Factors that were independently associated with non-dipping were: serum sodium > 140 mmol/l (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.17–2.51, p-value 0.005), a higher office systolic BP (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p-value 0.003) and a lower office diastolic BP (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99, p-value 0.03). Treatment allocation did not change dipping status at 6 months (McNemar’s Chi2 0.71, p-value 0.40). Conclusion There was a high prevalence of non-dipping among Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension. ABPM should be considered more routinely in Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension, if resources permit, to help personalise therapy. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and causes of non-dipping pattern and if targeting night-time BP improves clinical outcomes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02742467).

Poverty, Philanthropy and Social Conditions in Victorian Britain

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Dawn Behrend
Keyword(s):  
Social Conditions ◽  
British Library ◽  
Settlement Houses ◽  
Handwritten Documents ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Victorian Britain ◽  
Handwritten Text ◽  
Handwritten Text Recognition ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Keyword Searching

Poverty, Philanthropy and Social Conditions in Victorian Britain published by Adam Matthew Digital is comprised of primary digital materials culled from three major archives in Britain and the UK focused on the experience of poverty in Victorian Britain and efforts involving economic, government, and social reform such as the Poor Law, workhouses, settlement houses, and philanthropic initiatives. Content is derived from the National Archives at Kew, British Library, and Senate House Library and includes pamphlets, correspondence, newspaper clippings, books, and other resources. A small portion of the collection utilizes Adam Matthew Digital’s Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) to enable keyword searching of handwritten documents. The digitized images and documents are clear, searchable, and user-friendly to access, save, and share. Contract provisions are standard to the product with authenticated access across institutional locations and guidelines for Interlibrary Loan sharing. Pricing is determined by institutional size and enrollment. While the product is a one-time purchase, annual hosting fees apply for ongoing access. Content is currently heavily derived from one archive, the Senate House Library, with pamphlets from this source making up nearly half of the total holdings. Users seeking access to a more extensive collection of similar material may prefer subscribing to JSTOR which includes JSTOR 19th Century British Pamphlets with over 26,000 pamphlets along with secondary scholarly journals and eBooks on the Victorian era. While not providing the primary sources of Poverty, Philanthropy and Social Conditions in Victorian Britain or JSTOR, Historical Abstracts may be an alternative resource in providing access to notable scholarly resources on the period.

scholarly journals Defining user risk in social networking services

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Haynes ◽  
Lyn Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Social Networking Services ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Purposive Sample ◽  
Risk Categories

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the risks faced by users of online social networking services (SNSs) in the UK and to develop a typology of risk that can be used to assess regulatory effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – An initial investigation of the literature revealed no detailed taxonomies of risk in this area. Existing taxonomies were reviewed and merged with categories identified in a pilot survey and expanded in purposive sample survey directed at the library and information services (LIS) community in the UK. Findings – Analysis of the relationships between different risk categories yielded a grouping of risks by their consequences. This aligns with one of the objectives of regulation, which is to mitigate risks. Research limitations/implications – This research offers a tool for evaluation of different modes of regulation of social media. Practical implications – Awareness of the risks associated with use of online SNSs and wider social media contributes to the work of LIS professionals in their roles as: educators; intermediaries; and users of social media. An understanding of risk also informs the work of policy makers and legislators responsible for regulating access to personal data. Originality/value – A risk-based view of regulation of personal data on social media has not been attempted in such a comprehensive way before.

scholarly journals Kawasaki disease: a prospective population survey in the UK and Ireland from 2013 to 2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 640-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M R Tulloh ◽  
Richard Mayon-White ◽  
Anthony Harnden ◽  
Athimalaipet V Ramanan ◽  
E Jane Tizard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Ivig Treatment ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Black African ◽  
The Uk

ObjectiveKawasaki disease (KD) is an increasingly common vasculitis with risk of coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs). The last UK survey was in 1990, whereas current epidemiology, treatment patterns and complication rates are unknown. The aim of this study was to address this knowledge gap.MethodsA British Paediatric Surveillance Unit survey in the UK and Ireland from 1 January 2013 to 28 February 2015 ascertained demographics, ethnicity, seasonal incidence, treatment and complication rates.Results553 cases were notified: 389 had complete KD, 46 had atypical KD and 116 had incomplete KD; 2 were diagnosed at postmortem with an incidence of 4.55/100 000 children under 5 years, with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1 and a median age of 2.7 years (2.5 months–15 years). Presentation was highest in January and in rural areas. Most were white (64%), and Chinese and Japanese Asians were over-represented as were black African or African mixed-race children. 94% received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). The overall CAA rate was 19%, and all-cardiac complications affected 28%. Those with CAA received IVIG later than in those without (median 10 days vs 7 days). Those under 1 year had fewer symptoms, but the highest CAA rate (39%). Overall 8 of 512 cases (1.6%) had giant CAA, and 4 of 86 cases (5%) under 1 year of age developed giant CAA. Mortality from KD was 0.36%.ConclusionsThe UK and Ireland incidence of KD has increased and is more frequently seen in winter and rural areas. Delayed IVIG treatment is associated with CAA, suggesting earlier and adjunctive primary treatment might reduce complications to prevent CAA, particularly in the very young.

scholarly journals Worldwide Ethnic Distribution of the G Protein β3 Subunit 825T Allele and Its Association with Obesity in Caucasian, Chinese, and Black African Individuals

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1921-1930
Author(s):  
WINFRIED SIFFERT ◽  
PETER FORSTER ◽  
KARL-HEINZ JÖCKEL ◽  
DAVID A. MVERE ◽  
BERND BRINKMANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Black African ◽  
South Africans ◽  
825T Allele ◽  
C825t Polymorphism

Abstract. Recently, it was demonstrated that one allele (825T) of the gene encoding the G protein β3 subunit (GNB3) is associated with hypertension in Germans. This study investigates a possible association with obesity in young male Germans, Chinese, and black South Africans with low, intermediate, and high 825T allele frequencies, respectively. In each of these three distinct cohorts, the 825T allele frequency was increased significantly in overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2) and obese individuals (BMI >27 kg/m2) compared to those with normal weight. The 825T allele frequencies in these three BMI groups were, respectively, 29.5, 39.3, and 47.7% in Germans, 46.8, 53.9, and 58.6% in Chinese, and 83.1, 87.7, and 90.9% in South Africans. In each of these three distinct groups, the 825T allele was significantly associated with obesity with odds ratios between 2 and 3. More urban than rural black Africans were overweight despite similar 825T allele frequencies in both populations, which underscores the role of both genetic and environmental factors. BP values in young male whites increased significantly with increasing BMI values but were independent of the C825T polymorphism, suggesting that hypertension associated with the 825T allele could be a consequence of obesity. Genotyping of 5254 individuals from 55 native population samples from Africa, the Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Guinea demonstrated highest 825T allele frequencies in black Africans (82%) and intermediate values in east Asians (47%). It is anticipated that high frequencies of the 825T allele in Africans and Asians may contribute to an obesity and hypertension epidemic if Westernization of lifestyles continues.

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