Our understanding of “the Web” and its e-commerce (EC) potential has grown rapidly during the past decade. While ecommerce has matured and is now mainstream, there continue to be opportunities to innovate as technology improves, the public is increasingly comfortable with and dependent up the e-approach, and new or enhanced applications appear. While historical roots of the Web go back several decades, it was only in the last two that business really started to embrace the Internet, and in the last one that commercial opportunities on the Web grew rapidly. Business use has gone from simple operational efficiencies (e-mail on the Internet, replacement of private EDI networks, etc.) to effectiveness (enhanced services, virtual products, and competitive advantage). Information and information products, available in digital form, and the ability to quickly transfer these from one party to another, have led to a paradigm shift in the way organizations operate. Many BPR (business process re-engineering) projects made use of the Web to streamline business processes and reduce or eliminate delays. Web self-service has emerged as a popular approach, with benefits for both customers and providers. Even governments have embraced the Web (e-government) for information and service delivery and interaction with citizens and businesses. While the transition has followed the historical IT progression of automate, infomate, and transformate, the pace has been unprecedented. There have been successes and failures, with fortunes made and lost. After the dot-com boom/bust cycle, things settled down somewhat; yet the rapid pace of Web initiatives continues. At the forefront are innovators seeking competitive advantage. At the rear are laggards who can no longer ignore efficiencies provided by the Web and market requirements to be Web-enabled. Paralleling the improvement in IT and the Internet has been a series of economic shifts including globalization, flattening of hierarchical organizations, outsourcing and off-shoring, increasing emphasis on knowledge work (contrasted with manual labor), plus growth in the service sector and information economy. IT has both hastened these economic shifts and provided a welcome means of addressing the accompanying pressures (often through EC or other Web initiatives). To consider EC strategy and Web initiatives, one first needs to understand strategy and then extend this to the organization’s business model and tactics. A firm’s general business strategy includes, but is not limited to, its IT strategy (Figure 1). Similarly, EC strategy is a subset of IT strategy. Strategy should drive actions (tactics), through an appropriate business model. When strategy (business, IT, and EC) and tactics are closely aligned, and tactics are successfully executed, desirable results are obtained. Sometimes this normative view becomes reversed or otherwise changed. In the extreme, Web initiatives become the sole major focus (as was the case in the early days of the dot-com boom). However, without alignment between such tactics and the firm’s strategy and business model, such an approach is either doomed to eventual failure or substantial modification. In addition to commercial use of the Web, there are many non-commercial uses and non-commercial users (governments, educational institutions, medical organizations, etc.). The term e-business is often used to include both commercial and non-commercial activity on the Internet. In this article, the focus is on commercial activities (B2B and B2C). While e-government includes use of EC, governments are often driven by goals and responsibilities other than profit generation or cost reduction.
Management Methods and Concepts for Building Competitive Advantage in Hospitality Companies
