Web Accessibility

2008 ◽  
pp. 678-683
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Gay ◽  
Paola Salomoni ◽  
Silvia Mirri
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Personal Computers ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
Life Education ◽  
The Web

Technologies have been developed to make personal computers accessible to people with disabilities, important for promoting inclusion in everyday life, education, and work. In the 90s, the spread of Internet applications, and specifically of the Web, created a new issue: Would the Web be accessible to people with disabilities? Web accessibility is partially dependent on assistive technologies used by people with disabilities to access their PCs. But, it also depends on whether people with various disabilities can perform specific tasks on their PCs with the help of their assistive technologies. Another dimension of Web accessibility is the responsibility of Web authors, developers, designers, and technologies they use to develop Web content.

Examination of the electronic educational resources accessibility on the university Moodle platform

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Ye. A. Kosova ◽  
A. S. Gapon ◽  
K. I. Redkokosh
Keyword(s):  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Screen Readers ◽  
Video Lectures ◽  
Expert Analysis ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
The University ◽  
The Web

The purpose of the article is to assess the accessibility of electronic educational resources (EER) published in the university Moodle Learning Management System (LMS). The analysis involved 22 EERs in mathematical and information technology disciplines, located in the Moodle LMS of the V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. The examination algorithm included analysis using the Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE) and expert analysis of web accessibility using visual, auditory and manual methods based on 89 checklist attributes. In the result of the analysis, multiple accessibility errors of the Moodle platform and the EERs hosted on it were found. The most serious platform problems include: lack of compatibility with text browsers; errors of reproduction by screen readers; errors of content reproduction on mobile devices. The list of accessibility errors made by the authors of EERs includes: incorrect design of hyperlinks (22.7 % of the EERs); lack of subtitles (13.6 %), transcripts (22.7 %), synopses of video lectures (27.3 %); lack of alternative descriptions for figures (68.2 %); time limit for tests (9.1 %); lack of special markup for mathematical notation (36.4 %) and program code (13.6 %), etc. Results of the survey show need in training of EERs’ authors in technologies for developing accessible educational web content. It is advisable to familiarize web developers deploying an LMS at universities with the basics of web accessibility, LMS accessibility functions and modules in order to select the most suitable platform, determine and install the required set of accessibility tools. Before launching all EERs should be subject to mandatory examination for compliance with the web accessibility guidelines.

Specification of the Context of Use for the Development of Web-Based Applications

2011 ◽  
pp. 146-162
Author(s):  
Marta Fernández de Arriba ◽  
Eugenia Díaz ◽  
Jesús Rodríguez Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Web Applications ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Technological Environment ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Development Team ◽  
Context Of Use ◽  
The Web

This chapter presents the structure of an index which serves as support so allowing the development team to create the specification of the context of use document for the development of Web applications, bearing in mind characteristics of usability and accessibility, each point of the index being explained in detail. A correct preparation of this document ensures the quality of the developed Web applications. The international rules and standards related to the identification of the context of use have been taken into account. Also, the functionality limitations (sensorial, physical, or cognitive) which affect access to the Web are described, as well as the technological environment used by disabled people (assistive technologies or alternative browsers) to facilitate their access to the Web content. Therefore, following the developed specification of the context of use, usable and accessible Web applications with their corresponding benefits can be created.

Code in action: Closing the black box of WCAG 2.0, A Latourian reading of Web accessibility

First Monday ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kreps ◽  
Mhorag Goff
Keyword(s):  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
Web Developers ◽  
The Web

The focus of much academic work on Web accessibility has been concerned with the lack of implementation of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. There seems, as yet, however, to have been little critical reflection on the Guidelines themselves — save perhaps some awareness of the heterogeneous nature of the Web, and the difficulties facing Web developers trying to ensure their work displays true to their intentions across a wide range of different browsers and devices, making use of continually evolving and contested code. Yet, as this paper highlights, the long drawn out process by which version 2.0 of the WCAG came into being hides many skeletons, including aspects of the process of developing standards that bear closer scrutiny, and reveal much when viewed through Latourian eyes. The findings of this paper suggest that the WCAG2.0 are almost irrelevant today — to the detriment of those for whom they were made — and that the process of creating them was at fault.

scholarly journals LEVANTAMENTO SOBRE DIRETIVAS DA W3C PARA A PROMOÇÃO DA ACESSIBILIDADE À DEFICIENTES AUDITIVOS NA WEB

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Vanessa dos Anjos Borges
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Success Criteria ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Web

The inclusion of people with disabilities in different social environments has become the object of research studies. This is due to the increasing number of people with disabilities, who have right access to all resources and information available in all media. From a descriptive research, in this article were identified success criteria contained in the Web Content Accessibility Guide (WCAG) defined by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) aimed at promoting the inclusion of the hearing impaired on the Web, helping future work in the area to ensure the development of accessible applications for the hearing impaired.

Website Accessibility for the Blind

2010 ◽  
pp. 299-310
Author(s):  
Jonathan Frank
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Web

On September 5, 2006, a legal precedent was set for web accessibility in the U.S. Federal judge Marilyn Patel sustained discrimination claims by the National Federation for the Blind against Target Corporation, one of America’s largest retailers. She established that websites must be fully accessible to the blind under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Past research has indicated that organizations doing business on the Web have largely ignored W3C guidelines for making their sites accessible. This study examines web accessibility of e-health providers under the lens of Corporate Social Responsibility. A model is developed linking accessibility behavior to a provider’s propensity to engage in CSR activities, the types of medical services offered, complexity of visual web content, and perceived threat of litigation resulting from an inaccessible site. Fifteen websites of eHealth providers were analyzed using IBM’s aDesigner accessibility tool for the six years before and two years since the commencement of the Target litigation. Results suggest that accessibility of sites has showed significant improvement since the Target case began. A comparison with a benchmark group of companies with a reputation for corporate social responsibility revealed marked differences between the eHealth providers and the top CSR companies.

scholarly journals Examination of the Protection Offered by Current Accessibility Acts and Guidelines to People with Disabilities in Using Information Technology Devices

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Hyun K. Kim ◽  
Jaehyun Park
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Section 508 ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Video Accessibility ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
The Web

Today, information technology (IT) products are extensively used in everyday life; however, disabled people still experience difficulties in using them. To ensure the equal use of IT products by people with disabilities, various laws/guidelines/standards have been established. In particular, Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, 21st-Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, the European Accessibility Act, and the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines strongly influence IT product sales and, hence, have been included in the scope of this research. This study analyzed the main accessibility provisions/guidelines from the user experience (UX) perspective and the IT device difficulties that are addressed by the provisions/guidelines. Accordingly, the study used the IT interaction disability concept, which analyzes the comprehensive difficulties associated with the use of an IT device from the perspective of interaction, to map each task–user interface–context factor. Finally, this study suggests the aspects to be considered while establishing accessibility provisions/guidelines. Moreover, it clarifies the provisions and guidelines for IT product designers and developers by analyzing them from the UX perspective.

Web challenges faced by blind and vision impaired users in libraries of Delhi

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailendra Kumar ◽  
Gareema Sanaman
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Website Design ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Web Access ◽  
Accessibility Issues ◽  
The Web

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the challenges faced by blind/vision-impaired users during the web access in the leading academic and special libraries of Delhi, India. Design/methodology/approach – Survey methodology has been used as the basic research tool for data collection with the help of questionnaire. A total of 125 users surveyed in all the five libraries are selected randomly on the basis of willingness of the users to participate in the survey with the experience of working in digital environment. The survey results were tabulated and analysed with descriptive statistics methods using Excel software and “Stata version 11”. Findings – There are various barriers faced by blind/vision-impaired users in the libraries of Delhi (India) during the “web access” with the help of assistive technologies as assistive technology like “Screen Readers” available today are “somewhat compatible” with the web. The facility of “web-based catalogue” is generally lacking in Delhi libraries. Research limitations/implications – The paper does not offer a comprehensive set of web accessibility issues, concentrating instead on the most common problems as epitome of this study. Practical implications – The paper raises awareness of web accessibility issues in libraries of Delhi, India. Originality/value – The paper highlights the web accessibility issues faced by blind/vision-impaired users of leading academic and special libraries of India including the users’ recommendations for the accessible web page/website design for the first time.

scholarly journals Analisis Aksesibilitas Website Pemerintah Provinsi di Indonesia Menggunakan Pedoman Web Content Accessible Guidelines 2.0

Repositor ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Dwi Deastu
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Web Accessibility ◽  
State Institution ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Accessibility Issues ◽  
Government Websites ◽  
Automation Tools ◽  
The Web

Web accessibility is people with disabilities to be able to use, navigate, and interact with the website. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has provided important guidelines about web accessibility known as the Web Content Accessible Guidelines (WCAG). Indonesian government encourages the use of new media through Presidential Instruction Number 3 of 2003 concerning National Policies and Strategies for e-Government Development which mandates every state institution to build websites. Therefore in this study, an evaluation analysis was carried out on the website of Indonesia Provincial Government by using two accessibility evaluation automation tools namely TAW and aXe. This research presents the main problems found from all provincial government websites based on problems, warnings, and success criteria. With the TAW tool, the highest number of problems found in the Perceivable principle section, which amounts to 6490. And the provincial government sites that have the most accessibility issues based on the TAW tool are East Nusa Tenggara and Riau, while for the aXe tool are Yogyakarta and West Borneo.

Museum Website Accessibility Examined Using Automatic Diagnostic Tools

2021 ◽  
pp. 218-233
Author(s):  
Celeste Eusébio ◽  
Maria João Carneiro ◽  
Leonor Teixeira ◽  
Diana Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Global Index ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Museum Websites ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
The Web

This chapter examines the website accessibility of museums located in Portugal (N = 575), based on the web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG 2.0), and on the three type of conformance levels (A, AA, and AAA), using two web diagnostic tools: AccessMonitor and TAW (Test de Accessibilidad Web). The results show that the average accessibility of museum websites is 5.80 on a scale from 1 to 10. However, while according to AccessMonitor, there are 14 websites (2.43% of the total) with a level of accessibility of 10 (excellent web accessibility practices); there are also some websites with a global index lower than 3 (classified as bad practice). The results obtained through TAW show that an average of 58.43 problems were identified in each website analyzed. These results highlight that several improvements should be introduced in the websites of Portuguese museums in order to make information available to all people.

scholarly journals Making journals accessible front & back: examining open journal systems at CSU Northridge

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Borchard ◽  
Michael Biondo ◽  
Stephen Kutay ◽  
David Morck ◽  
Andrew Philip Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Section 508 ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
Test Instance ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Open Journal Systems

Purpose – This study aims to examine Public Knowledge Project (PKP) Open Journal Systems (OJS) for its overall web accessibility and compliance with the Federal Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility and Compliance Act, also known as Section 508. Design/methodology/approach – Twenty-one individual web pages in the CSUN test instance of PKP’s OJS version 2.4.0 used in three back-end journal development user roles were examined using three web-accessibility tools (WAVE, Fangs, Functional Accessibility Evaluator). Errors in accessibility were then logged and mapped to specific Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) criteria. Findings – In all, 202 accessibility errors were reported across the 21 OJS pages selected for testing. Because of this, the OJS cannot be efficiently utilized by assistive technologies and therefore does not pass the minimal level of acceptability as described in the WCAG 2.0. However, the authors found that the types of errors reported in this study could be simply and effectively remedied. Research limitations/implications – Further studies will need to corroborate, on a larger scale, the problems of accessibility found in the specific pages. Only three user roles were examined; other roles will need to be analyzed for their own problems with accessibility. Finally, although specific errors were noted, most can be easily fixed. Practical implications – There is an important need for accessible software design. In the case of CSUN, one of the campus partners will be better served by improving the web accessibility of the authors’ online open access journals. Originality/value – Although many studies and analyses of Section 508 compliance of front-facing web resources have been conducted, very few appear to address the back-end of such tools. This is the first to examine what problems in accessibility journal users with disabilities might encounter as OJS system administrators, journal managers or journal editors.

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