Traceability Systems for Sustainable Development in Rural Areas

2011 ◽  
pp. 556-563
Author(s):  
Vicente García Díaz ◽  
B. Cristina Pelayo G. Bustelo ◽  
Oscar Sanjuán Martínez ◽  
Juan Manuel Cueva Lovelle ◽  
Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
European Regulation ◽  
Food Traceability ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Global World

In a global world, where a lot of international trade treaties have been signed, we must face new threats such as influenza A (H1N1) or bioterrorism. In this context, to control the origins of food can save lives and big amounts of money. Meanwhile, new regulations in the European Union have arisen. In accordance with the provisions of Article 18 of European Regulation 178/2002, from 1(st) January 2005, all European companies in the food industry must have implemented a traceability system. However, it may sound strange that after all these years with this regulation in force some of the workers in this area don´t even know what traceability is. This document pretends to give some details on food traceability, and it will expose a real case in which cutting-edge technologies have been applied to solve the traceability in rural areas of northern Spain, by improving productivity and allowing small businesses to offer more competitive and safer products, and of higher quality.

Traceability Systems for Sustainable Development in Rural Areas

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Vicente García Díaz ◽  
B. Cristina Pelayo G. Bustelo ◽  
Oscar Sanjuán Martínez ◽  
Juan Manuel Cueva Lovelle ◽  
Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
European Regulation ◽  
Food Traceability ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Global World

In a global world, where a lot of international trade treaties have been signed, we must face new threats such as influenza A (H1N1) or bioterrorism. In this context, to control the origins of food can save lives and big amounts of money. Meanwhile, new regulations in the European Union have arisen. In accordance with the provisions of Article 18 of European Regulation 178/2002, from 1(st) January 2005, all European companies in the food industry must have implemented a traceability system. However, it may sound strange that after all these years with this regulation in force some of the workers in this area don´t even know what traceability is. This document pretends to give some details on food traceability, and it will expose a real case in which cutting-edge technologies have been applied to solve the traceability in rural areas of northern Spain, by improving productivity and allowing small businesses to offer more competitive and safer products, and of higher quality.

scholarly journals Residual immunity in older people against the influenza A(H1N1) – recent experience in northern Spain

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (39) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Pérez-Trallero ◽  
L Piñeiro ◽  
D Vicente ◽  
M Montes ◽  
G Cilla
Keyword(s):  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

The 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus has a higher incidence in children and young adults, a pattern that has also been reported in seasonal influenza caused by the influenza A(H1N1) virus. We analysed age at infection in symptomatic patients with influenza in the Basque Country (northern Spain), reported through the sentinel influenza surveillance system which monitors 2.2-2.5% of the population. Between September 1999 and August 2009, influenza A(H3N2) or seasonal influenza A(H1N1) was detected in 941 patients, and from April to August 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1) was detected in 112 patients. The H3/H1 seasonal influenza ratio was between 3.3 and 3.4 in the under 60 year-olds, but 9.8 in older individuals, suggesting that people born before 1950 have residual immunity against the influenza A H1N1 subtype (both seasonal and pandemic). Introduction In 1957, the Asian influenza pandemic was caused by influenza A(H2N2) virus, which circulated until 1968 when it was displaced by the influenza A(H3N2) virus which was responsible for the Hong Kong pandemic. Before 1957, direct descendants of the influenza A(H1N1) virus that had caused the 1918 pandemic (Spanish flu) had circulated. In 1977, an influenza A(H1N1) strain re-emerged, which, together with the dominant influenza A(H3N2) strain, has been the cause of seasonal human influenza for more than three decades [1]. Despite the prolonged co-circulation of both subtypes, few studies have analysed their ability to affect distinct age groups. The current pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)v, which emerged in the spring of 2009, has spread throughout the world. The aim of this study was to compare the distribution in distinct age groups of infections caused by the two subtypes of seasonal influenza in the past 10 seasons and refer therelate this to recent infections due to influenza A(H1N1)v.

scholarly journals Initial epidemiological findings in the European Union following the declaration of pandemic alert level 5 due to influenza A (H1N1)

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
ECDC Technical Emergency Team
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
International Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Health Event ◽  
Health Regulations

The recent detection of a novel influenza A(H1N1) virus has led to the first WHO declaration of a Public Health Event of International Concern under the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005). Here we review the early epidemiological findings of confirmed cases in Mexico, the United States, Canada and EU/EFTA countries. Strengthened surveillance and continued, transparent communication across public health agencies globally will be necessary in coming months.

scholarly journals Current situation and development of the bee-keeping sector in Hungary

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
László Kárpáti ◽  
Zsolt Csapó ◽  
Georgina Árváné Ványi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Product Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union

Rural development has become more and more important issue in Hungary since rural areas also contribute to the efficiency of the national economy. Development of rural areas also very important issue in the European Union, which could contribute to the improvement of profitability of small family businesses, higher employment rate in rural areas as well as slow down the migration of people from rural into urban areas. Nowadays the bee-keeping– as one of the activities can provide alternative income for small businesses in rural areas– has become more and more important topic in Hungary. Bee-keeping sector provides income roughly 15 thousands families in Hungary. At the same time it takes important role in the preservation of rural landscape, traditions and their regional values. However, the sector has serious problems, as well (for instance quality issues, competitors on the market, etc.). It can be stated that the market position of Hungarian honey can be preserved through the improvement of quality assurance and product development. These developments can be carried out by the utilization of national and European Union funds.

scholarly journals Influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural and urban areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini ◽  
Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça ◽  
Aparecida Santo Pietro Pereira ◽  
Adélia Hiroko Nagamori Kawamoto ◽  
Camila Infantosi Vannucchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Mean

In 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. Birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. The objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dog serum samples were examined for antibodies to influenza viruses by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the corresponding antigens from the circulating viruses in Brazil. Dogs from rural areas presented antibodies to influenza A H3N2, and influenza A H7N7 and H3N8. In rural areas, dog sera displayed mean titers as 94.37, 227.88, 168.14, 189.62 HIU/25 µL for subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8, respectively. About 84% and 92% of dogs from urban areas exhibited antibodies to human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, with statistical difference at p < 0.05 between the mean titers of antibodies to H1N1 and H3N2. About 92% and 100% were positive for H7N7 and H3N8, respectively. In dogs from urban areas, the mean titers of antibodies against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 and H3N8, were 213.96, 179.42, 231.76, 231.35 HIU/25 µL respectively. The difference among them was not statistically significant at p > 0.05. In conclusion, these dogs were positive for both human and equine influenza viruses. The present study suggests the first evidence that influenza viruses circulate among dogs in Brazil.

scholarly journals Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination policies and coverage in Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Mereckiene ◽  
S Cotter ◽  
J T Weber ◽  
A Nicoll ◽  
F D'Ancona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Vaccine Recommendations ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

In August 2010 the Vaccine European New Integrated Collaboration Effort (VENICE) project conducted a survey to collect information on influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination policies and vaccination coverage in the European Union (EU), Norway and Iceland. Of 29 responding countries, 26 organised national pandemic influenza vaccination and one country had recommendations for vaccination but did not have a specific programme. Of the 27 countries with vaccine recommendations, all recommended it for healthcare workers and pregnant women. Twelve countries recommended vaccine for all ages. Six and three countries had recommendations for specific age groups in children and in adults, countries for specific adult age groups. Most countries recommended vaccine for those in new risk groups identified early in the pandemic such as morbid obese and people with neurologic diseases. Two thirds of countries started their vaccination campaigns within a four week period after week 40/2009. The reported vaccination coverage varied between countries from 0.4% to 59% for the entire population (22 countries); 3% to 68% for healthcare workers (13 countries); 0% to 58% for pregnant women (12 countries); 0.2% to 74% for children (12 countries). Most countries identified similar target groups for pandemic vaccine, but substantial variability in vaccination coverage was seen. The recommendations were in accordance with policy advice from the EU Health Security Committee and the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Rapid spread of drug-resistant influenza A viruses in the Basque Country, northern Spain, 2000-1 to 2008-9

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Vicente ◽  
G Cilla ◽  
M Montes ◽  
J Mendiola ◽  
E Pérez-Trallero
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Oseltamivir Resistance ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Rapid Spread

A worldwide increase of adamantane-resistant influenza A(H3N2) and oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses has been observed in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of antiviral drug-resistant influenza A in a region of northern Spain. Resistance to adamantanes was detected in 45.3% (68/150) of influenza AH3 viruses analysed for the period from 2000-1 to 2008-9. Adamantane-resistance was absent in our region during the 2000-1 to 2002-3 influenza seasons. However, after the first adamantane-resistant virus (characterised as A/Fujian/411/2002) was detected in the 2003-4 season, a rapid increase in the proportion of resistant strains was observed (4.9% [2/41], 80% [8/10] and 100% [53/53] in the 2004-5, 2006-7 and 2008-9 seasons, respectively). Four of the first five adamantane-resistant AH3 viruses detected were isolated from adult patients, but the subsequent spread was observed mainly among children. No resistance to adamantanes was detected among the 65 influenza AH1 viruses analysed throughout the study period. Among the 172 influenza A (76 AH1 and 96 AH3) viruses analysed, five strains (AH1 with mutation H274Y) showed oseltamivir resistance, and all were detected in the last season. Amantadine use was very scarce in our region, and oseltamivir was not used at all; therefore the increase of resistance was attributed to imported drug-resistant influenza viruses.

Food traceability system from governmental, corporate, and consumer perspectives in the European Union and China: A comparative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 402-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Qian ◽  
Luis Ruiz-Garcia ◽  
Beilei Fan ◽  
Jose Ignacio Robla Villalba ◽  
Ultan McCarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Food Traceability ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Consumer Perspectives

scholarly journals A clinico-epidemiological profile of patients with influenza A H1N1 attending a tertiary care hospital in southern Rajasthan region of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1877
Author(s):  
Yogesh Kumar Singhal ◽  
Nitin Kothari
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Epidemiological Factors ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

Background: Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). Swine flu cases resurfaced in month of January 2015 in Southern region of India which are continuation of pandemic 2009. Aim of this study is to summaries the clinical and epidemiological factors associated with swine flu as well as to estimate the burden of Influenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu) cases.Methods: A complete data of all the patients visiting swine flu OPDs, swine flu wards and ICU were maintained for year 2015. Each patient visiting either the swine flu OPD or the swine flu ward, who was suspected clinically to be H1N1 positive were tested for real time PCR.Results: Out of 1247 samples tested for rt-PCR 491 (39.37%) cases were identified as positive for H1N1. Maximum swine positivity was seen in the age group of 16-30 year i.e. 147 (29.94%). Overall swine positivity was significantly (<0.001) higher in females than male and extremely statistically significant (p<0.0001) higher in rural areas than urban. Cough was the most common clinical symptoms affecting 469(95.52%) patients followed by fever (92.26%) and breathlessness 402(81.87%).Conclusions: Our study will help epidemiologist and clinician to identify epidemiological factors and clinical picture of swine flu.

scholarly journals Initial surveillance of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in the European Union and European Economic Area, April – September 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Devaux ◽  
P Kreidl ◽  
P Penttinen ◽  
M Salminen ◽  
P Zucs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries reported surveillance data on 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) cases to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) through the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) during the early phase of the 2009 pandemic. We describe the main epidemiological findings and their implications in respect to the second wave of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Two reporting systems were in place (aggregate and case-based) from June to September 2009 to monitor the evolution of the pandemic. The notification rate was assessed through aggregate reports. Individual data were analysed retrospectively to describe the population affected. The reporting peak of the first wave of the 2009 pandemic influenza was reached in the first week of August. Transmission was travel-related in the early stage and community transmission within EU/EEA countries was reported from June 2009. Seventy eight per cent of affected individuals were less than 30 years old. The proportions of cases with complications and underlying conditions were 3% and 7%, respectively. The most frequent underlying medical conditions were chronic lung (37%) and cardio-vascular diseases (15%). Complication and hospitalisation were both associated with underlying conditions regardless of age. The information from the first wave of the pandemic produced a basis to determine risk groups and vaccination strategies before the start of the winter wave. Public health recommendations should be guided by early capture of profiles of affected populations through monitoring of infectious diseases.

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