Transformative Learning and Online Education

2010 ◽  
pp. 282-300
Author(s):  
Suresh Garg ◽  
Ramesh C. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Transformative Learning ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Egalitarian Society ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Temporal Dimensions ◽  
Teaching Learning

Education is an organic entity and it evolves continuously to cater to the emerging needs of a society. In India, the educational system has changed over the centuries and with it transformed the way teaching-learning is transacted. Education has changed from ‘art to craft to technology’. Now we are witnessing technology-induced knowledge revolution. National boundaries and location of learner in spatial and temporal dimensions have lost significance. A learner on an atoll in the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean can learn a subject of her / his choice online, provided s/he has access to a computer, Internet and other wireless communication tools. A vast variety of online platforms are now available to meet the diverse needs of learners. In this chapter, the authors have discussed how open education in general and online education in particular has performed the role of transformative learning in India. They have also discussed various aesthetical and purposive issues addressed by online learning environments to create an egalitarian society.

scholarly journals Lewis fry Richardson Medal Lecture – How many modes are neededto predict climate bifurcations?: Lessons from an experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bérengère Dubrulle ◽  
François Daviaud ◽  
Davide Faranda ◽  
Louis Marié ◽  
Brice Saint-Michel
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Finite Resolution ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Lewis Fry Richardson ◽  
Do So

Abstract. According to everyone’s experience, predicting the weather reliably over more than 8 days seems an impossible taskfor our best weather agencies. At the same time, politicians and citizens are asking scientists for climate projections severaldecades into the future to guide economic and environmental policies, especially regarding the maximum admissible emissions of CO2. To what extent is this request scientifically admissible? In this lecture we will investigate this question, focusing on the topic of predictions of transitions between metastable statesof the atmospheric or oceanic circulations. Two relevant exemples are the switching between zonal and blocked atmosphericcirculation at midlatitudes and the alternance of El Niño and La Niña phases in the Pacific ocean. The main issue is whetherpresent climate models, that necessarily have a finite resolution and a smaller number of degrees of freedom than the actualterrestrial system, are able to reproduce such spontaneous or forced transitions. To do so, we will draw an analogy betweenclimate observations and results obtained in our group on a laboratory-scale, turbulent, von Kármán flow, in which spontaneoustransitions between different states of the circulation take place. We will detail the analogy, and investigate the nature of thetransitions, the number of degrees of freedom that characterizes the latter and discuss the effect of reducing the number ofdegrees of freedom in such systems. We will also discuss the role of fluctuations and their origin, and stress the importance ofdescribing very small scales to capture fluctuations of correct intensity and scale.

The Role of Instructional Design in Transformative Learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-74
Author(s):  
Kimberley Gordon ◽  
Luanne Lewis ◽  
Jill Auten
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Design ◽  
Classroom Management ◽  
Transformative Learning ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Modular Approach ◽  
Planning Tool ◽  
And Training

As transformative learning is rooted in the belief that humans make meaning of their experiences, the incorporation of instructional design (ID) techniques in classroom management as a planning tool is well suited to learning environments in which the facilitator subscribes to Mezirow's theory. ID refers to a systematic process for developing instruction by following a prescribed model focused on accomplishment of desired learning outcomes. ID provides a clear, direct map to guide educators through the creation of lessons in accordance with curriculum expectations. ID is an appropriate tool for the practitioners of the three primary learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Reiser and Dempsey described ID as a systematic progression of steps undertaken to develop education and training programs in a consistent and reliable fashion; it enables educators to take a modular approach to delivery of learning. This chapter explores the role of instructional design in transformative learning.

scholarly journals ICT & Online Education – Factors affecting Employees’ preference for Online Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 994-1000
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Knowledge Enhancement ◽  
Education Market ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Teaching Learning

The potential of ICTs in promoting the development and reach of educational avenues in India is unambiguously clear in the light of the challenges facing the country. Role of ICTs with enhanced focus on development of content and the applications to provide enhanced quality of education must be synchronized with the various initiatives for using ICT for education and should be guided by adequate guidelines and framework. Provisioning of ICT is limited by the Infrastructure especially in the rural areas, where Internet and electrification are major issues of concern. It is well known that higher penetration of mobile phone, radio and TV implies increased development and delivery of innovative content via these media. This paper is focussed on the necessity to incorporate ICT as a part of the curriculum and also use it to strengthen the teaching learning process. The paper explores the key factors that drive the growth in the E-Learning sector. The authors undertook a research for identifying the various factors that may affect the choice and preference of employees for opting for online education as a measure for career/knowledge enhancement. The study indicates that online education market in India is currently booming. The growth of the market is dependent on the field of study, the willingness to pay, the credibility of the offering organization and the acceptability of the learning in the Corporate sector.

scholarly journals Observed Interhemispheric Meridional Heat Transports and the Role of the Indonesian Throughflow in the Pacific Ocean

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (24) ◽  
pp. 8523-8536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin E. Trenberth ◽  
Yongxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Indonesian Throughflow ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Surface Energy Flux ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Abstract The net surface energy flux is computed as a residual of the energy budget using top-of-atmosphere radiation combined with the divergence of the column-integrated atmospheric energy transports, and then used with the vertically integrated ocean heat content tendencies to compute the ocean meridional heat transports (MHTs). The mean annual cycles and 12-month running mean MHTs as a function of latitude are presented for 2000–16. Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), associated with a net volume flow around Australia accompanied by a heat transport, are fully included. Because the ITF-related flow necessitates a return current northward in the Tasman Sea that relaxes during El Niño, the reduced ITF during El Niño may contribute to warming in the south Tasman Sea by allowing the East Australian Current to push farther south even as it gains volume from the tropical waters not flowing through the ITF. Although evident in 2015/16, when a major marine heat wave occurred, these effects can be overwhelmed by changes in the atmospheric circulation. Large interannual MHT variability in the Pacific is 4 times that of the Atlantic. Strong relationships reveal influences from the southern subtropics on ENSO for this period. At the equator, northward ocean MHT arises mainly in the Atlantic (0.75 PW), offset by the Pacific (−0.33 PW) and Indian Oceans (−0.20 PW) while the atmosphere transports energy southward (−0.35 PW). The net equatorial MHT southward (−0.18 PW) is enhanced by −0.1 PW that contributes to the greater warming of the southern (vs northern) oceans.

scholarly journals Dissolution of cobalt and zinc from natural and anthropogenic dusts in seawater

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1927-1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-E. Thuróczy ◽  
M. Boye ◽  
R. Losno
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Voltammetric Methods

Abstract. Atmospheric dust inputs to the surface ocean are a major source of trace metals likely to be bio-available for phytoplankton after their dissolution in seawater. Among them, cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) are essential for phytoplankton growth and for the distribution of the major groups such as coccolithophorids, cyanobacteria and diatoms. The solubility in seawater of Co and Zn present in natural and anthropogenic dusts was studied using an open-flow reactor with and without light irradiation. Those dusts can be transported in the atmosphere by the wind before being deposited to the surface ocean. The analyses of cobalt and zinc were conducted using voltammetric methods and the global elemental composition of dust was determined by ICP-AES. This study highlighted the role of the dust origin in revealing the solubility characteristics. Much higher dust solubility was found for zinc as compared to cobalt; cobalt in anthropogenic particles was much more soluble (0.78%) in seawater after 2 h of dissolution than Co in natural particles (0.14%). Zinc showed opposite solubility, higher in natural particles (16%) than in anthropogenic particles (5.2%). A natural dust event to the surface ocean could account for up to 5% of the cobalt inventory and up to 50% of the Zn inventory in the mixed layer in the Pacific Ocean whereas the cobalt and zinc inventories in the mixed layer of the Atlantic Ocean might already include the effects of natural dust inputs and the subsequent metal dissolution. Anthropogenic sources to the surface ocean could be as important as the natural sources, but a better estimate of the flux of anthropogenic aerosol to the surface ocean is needed to further estimate the anthropogenic inputs. Variations in natural and anthropogenic inputs may induce large shifts in the Co/Zn ratio in the surface ocean; hence it could impact the phytoplankton community structure.

scholarly journals Surface ocean iron fertilization: The role of airborne volcanic ash from subduction zone and hot spot volcanoes and related iron fluxes into the Pacific Ocean

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazlı Olgun ◽  
Svend Duggen ◽  
Peter Leslie Croot ◽  
Pierre Delmelle ◽  
Heiner Dietze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Iron Fertilization ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Lifelong Learning and Online Education

2011 ◽  
pp. 292-314
Author(s):  
Marianthi Karatza ◽  
Argiris Tzikopoulos ◽  
Niki Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Online Training ◽  
Training System ◽  
Banking Organization ◽  
New Learning Environments ◽  
New Learning

In this chapter, the effects of lifelong learning and online education in the role of an educator are examined. Lifelong learning and lifelong education, as well as online learning and online education are terms that are located in a new context where flexibility has become a central demand. In such a framework, we identify the new capabilities and challenges that organizations, learners, and educators face. Moreover, we attempt to describe the role that an educator should adopt in order to be effective and able to support learning in this new environment. This review concludes with a framework of competencies necessary for the educators who practice their profession within new learning environments that already exist or that are going to appear in organizations, as needs for learning and knowledge management are continuously increasing. For this purpose, a specific case study is presented regarding the way an online training system can be implemented in order to support learning within a banking organization..

Bordering on Crisis

2021 ◽  
pp. 269-289
Author(s):  
Brian Wilson ◽  
Nora Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

A vessel plying the Pacific Ocean with approximately 500 migrants, some of whom might have deadly contagions, along with members of a terrorist organization, is emblematic of contemporary multiagency crisis response challenges: vague reports, agencies with overlapping authorities, balancing competing legal considerations, and an urgency to act. While crisis management isn’t new, the strategic response landscape now includes formal collaborative frameworks. A key element of interagency alignment involves lawyers who are increasingly being called upon to advise in crisis situations. More than a dozen states, multilateral instruments, and United Nations Security Council resolutions formally acknowledge the benefits of collaboration to address threats, yet the elements and competencies, as well as inclusion, of crisis lawyering receive scant attention. This chapter examines the role of an attorney in an inter-agency crisis management and includes “Rules for Crisis Lawyering in a Multiagency Environment.”

The Glacial Geomorphology of central-Patagonia (44 – 46°S): glacier dynamics within and beyond the austral Andes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma-Louise Cooper ◽  
Varyl Thorndycraft ◽  
Bethan Davies ◽  
Adrian Palmer ◽  
Juan-Luis García
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Andean Cordillera ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ice Retreat ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Ice Sheet Dynamics

<p>The former Patagonian Ice Sheet (PIS, 38 – 56°S) was one of the largest ice masses to develop in the Southern Hemisphere. Its formation was uniquely influenced by the Southern Westerly Winds (SWWs) colliding with the Andean Cordillera, generating a marked West-East precipitation gradient. Variability in the strength and position of the SWWs is thought to have played a significant role in ice sheet dynamics. In particular, understanding of the timing of palaeo-glacier fluctuations is required to elucidate the role of these regional climate drivers on ice retreat. However, in order to fully understand the structure and pace of deglacial ice fluctuations, detailed glacial geomorphological reconstructions must be completed.</p><p>During deglaciation, as the PIS retreated from local Last Glacial Maxima positions, large proglacial lakes formed east of the austral Andes, ice-dammed by the Andean Cordillera. In central-Patagonia (44 – 46°S) during the final stages of deglaciation, these ice-dammed lakes drained to the west, through the Andean Cordillera, opening new drainage corridors towards the Pacific Ocean. As a result, the floors of these valleys are now exposed subaerially, preserving a complex suite of glacial and glaciolacustrine landform assemblages. Moreover, as most of the region is now ice-free, excluding smaller mountain ice caps such as Queulat (44.4°S, ~2000 m a.s.l) more recent Holocene geomorphology has also been exposed. These landforms possess the potential to yield new insights into the style and manner of regional ice retreat, during the transition from large terrestrial ice-lobes, to smaller mountain glaciers and ice caps.</p><p>We mapped seven terrestrial palaeo-ice lobes of the PIS: the Río Pico (~44.2°S), Río Cisnes (~44.6°S), Lago Plata-Fontana (~44.8°S), Río El Toqui (~45°S), Lago Coyt/Río Ñirehuao (~45.3°S), Simpson/Paso Coyhaique (~45.5°S) and Balmaceda (~46°S) lobes. Mapping was then extended west, into the Andean Cordillera. Landforms were mapped using ESRI™ DigitalGlobe World (1-2 m) and Sentinel-2 (10 m) imagery, verified with field surveys. These new data build on previous work in the area. To date, over 60,000 ice-marginal, ice-contact, subglacial, glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial landforms have been mapped across a ~70,000km<sup>2</sup> area of the Andean Cordillera and adjacent valleys. When combined with robust geochronological reconstructions, these data possess the potential to inform on the role of the SWWs, versus local topography, and ice-marginal processes in regulating the structure and rate of regional deglaciation.</p>

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