Mystery of Recycling

2020 ◽  
pp. 877-896
Author(s):  
Yasin Galip Gencer
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Waste Minimization ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Waste Hierarchy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sustainable Value ◽  
Definition Of

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle” waste hierarchy. Recycling and/or waste minimization is a prerequisite for sustainable value and green environment. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. The composting or other reuse of food is also considered recycling. This chapter starts with an expanded definition of recycling; afterwards, the recycling processes of glass and aluminum are examined in detail. Besides recycling, for a green environment the necessity for reducing and reusing of waste is also considered. Another topic will be the myths of recycling-unknown realities about recycling process. Furthermore, types of recycling and cost-benefit analysis will be explained. Ultimately, the chapter will be concluded by criticisms about recycling, and potential areas for further discussion.

Mystery of Recycling

2016 ◽  
pp. 172-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Galip Gencer
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Waste Minimization ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Waste Hierarchy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sustainable Value ◽  
Definition Of

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle” waste hierarchy. Recycling and/or waste minimization is a prerequisite for sustainable value and green environment. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. The composting or other reuse of food is also considered recycling. This chapter starts with an expanded definition of recycling; afterwards, the recycling processes of glass and aluminum are examined in detail. Besides recycling, for a green environment the necessity for reducing and reusing of waste is also considered. Another topic will be the myths of recycling-unknown realities about recycling process. Furthermore, types of recycling and cost-benefit analysis will be explained. Ultimately, the chapter will be concluded by criticisms about recycling, and potential areas for further discussion.

scholarly journals Costa, cancer and coronavirus: contractualism as a guide to the ethics of lockdown

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-107103
Author(s):  
Stephen David John ◽  
Emma J Curran
Keyword(s):  
Moral Theory ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Moral Distinction ◽  
Self Defence

Lockdown measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic involve placing huge burdens on some members of society for the sake of benefiting other members of society. How should we decide when these policies are permissible? Many writers propose we should address this question using cost-benefit analysis (CBA), a broadly consequentialist approach. We argue for an alternative non-consequentialist approach, grounded in contractualist moral theorising. The first section sets up key issues in the ethics of lockdown, and sketches the apparent appeal of addressing these problems in a CBA frame. The second section argues that CBA fundamentally distorts the normative landscape in two ways: first, in principle, it allows very many morally trivial preferences—say, for a coffee—might outweigh morally weighty life-and-death concerns; second, it is insensitive to the core moral distinction between victims and vectors of disease. The third section sketches our non-consequentialist alternative, grounded in Thomas Scanlon’s contractualist moral theory. On this account, the ethics of self-defence implies a strong default presumption in favour of a highly restrictive, universal lockdown policy: we then ask whether there are alternatives to such a policy which are justifiable to all affected parties, paying particular attention to the complaints of those most burdened by policy. In the fourth section, we defend our contractualist approach against the charge that it is impractical or counterintuitive, noting that actual CBAs face similar, or worse, challenges.

scholarly journals An economic model of risk assessment for water projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2054-2068
Author(s):  
Antonio Nesticò ◽  
Gianluigi De Mare ◽  
Gabriella Maselli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Limit Set ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Water Projects ◽  
Project Risk ◽  
Environmental Decision Making ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The projects that concern water resources are characterized by the multiple risk rates – even extra–financial – that significantly affect their concrete feasibility. Although the risk assessment is decisive for expressing economic convenience judgements on these project initiatives, the decision-maker does not have precise references to determine whether the residual investment risk is acceptable. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to overcome the limit set by characterizing a model for the acceptability of project risk, also considering the plurality of environmental effects that the water projects generate on the community. The idea is to integrate the logic ‘As Low As Reasonably Practicable’ (ALARP) into the procedural schemes of Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA). In accordance with this principle, widely applied in high-risk sectors such as those of industrial engineering, a risk is ALARP when the costs to further reduce it are disproportionate to the obtainable benefits. The application of the model to an irrigation reconversion intervention in a Municipality in the Province of Salerno (Italy) shows that the ALARP logic defines a general way of thinking and can contribute to the definition of effective forecasting protocols. In this sense, the proposed methodology becomes a useful support for environmental decision-making. (The paper is to be attributed in equal parts to the three authors.)

Tighter Financial Regulation and its Impact on Global Growth

2010 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. F39-F44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Barrell ◽  
Dawn Holland ◽  
Dilruba Karim
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crises ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Growth

The financial crisis that started in mid-2007 enveloped the world economy and caused a serious recession in most OECD countries. It is widely believed that it has also left a scar on potential output because it will have raised perceptions of risk and hence reduced the sustainable capital stock people wish to hold. It is inevitable that policymakers should ask what can be done to reduce the chances of this happening again, and it is equally inevitable that the banks would answer that it is too costly to do anything. There are four questions one must answer before it is possible to undertake a cost-benefit analysis of bank regulation. The first involves asking what are the costs of financial crises? The second involves asking what are the costs of financial regulation? The third involves asking what causes crises? The fourth, and perhaps the most important, involves asking whether regulators can do anything to reduce the risk of crises? Our overall approach to these issues is spelled out in a report written for the FSA in the aftermath of the crisis (see Barrell et al., 2009).

scholarly journals The Redesigning of Tires and the Recycling Process to Maintain an Efficient Circular Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Dobrotă ◽  
Gabriela Dobrotă ◽  
Tiberiu Dobrescu ◽  
Cristina Mohora
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Points Of View

The redesigning of tires is addressed from two points of view, namely the structure of the materials and the constructive shape of these products. The necessity for research is justified by the fact that even during the product design stage, there may be situations that can irreversibly affect the separation of product components (rubber and insertion), and because it is strictly necessary to achieve the reuse and recycling of waste components. The proposed redesign refers to the inscription of the types of materials that are present in each area on the lateral surface of the tire. Thus, the new redesign has positive effects both economically and socially. To highlight these, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) has been applied and the net present value (NPV) as well as the internal rate of return (IRR) have been determined for the classic scenario and for the two proposed scenarios. Testing the financial sustainability of the proposed solution was done through sensitivity analysis. An analysis of the new tire design from the point of view of the circular economy was also presented. The results obtained have highlighted the effectiveness of the proposed solution from a technical, economic, social, and protection of the environment point of view.

Skenario Pengembangan Fasilitas Sistem Pengolahan Sampah Dengan Pendekatan Cost Benefit Analysis Di Kelurahan Kedamaian Kota Bandar Lampung

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlina Phelia ◽  
Ria Oktaviani Sinia
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Processing Facility ◽  
Treatment Facilities

Bandar Lampung City is part of the major city of Lampung province. The problem that arises in Bandar Lampung City is solid waste management. The amount of solid waste in Bandar Lampung City reaches 1000 tons/day. One of the district  of Bandar Lampung named Kedamaian district still uses the old method (collecting-transport-throw) in solid waste management, which  causes the load of waste to accumulate in the landfill. The constraints encountered  this time are the absence of sorting locations  and limited land. Kedamaian district needs to develop waste  treatment facilities, an approach based on  Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA). The results show  from the analysis that BCR in the scenario A <1 is 0.85 with NPV - Rp. 72.968.828. the  activity in the existing conditions can still be carried out, but the waste reduction has not been maximized to the TPS (Container). Scenario B, NPV is Rp. 95.319.338 and BCR is 1.13, which value of BCR is >1. This indicates that a waste processing facility  in the Kedamaian District is suitable to  operate  with TPS-3R. The results of scenario B are  obtained by increasing the effectiveness of processing facilities to 100% by  2025. In 2025, with the implementation of the TPS-3R obtained, BCR is 1.20 with NPV is Rp. 218.447.621.

scholarly journals Project Selection and the Equity Objective: The Use of Social Analysis

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-163
Author(s):  
John Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Recent Developments

Recent developments in the methodology of social cost -benefit analysis (SCBA) have centred on the use of weights to revalue the income flows created by projects. These developments reflect the increased concern expressed by many governments in the less developed countries (LDCs) about the problems of the lowest income groups, and are an attempt to show how the objective of greater equity in income distribution can be incorporated, in addition to other more conventional objectives, in the appraisal of projects. 1ltis paper discusses the use of income weights in the light of the results of a more detailed study on SCBA in Pakistan by the author [I]. The paper is divided into three sections: the first analyses the different ways in which a weighting system can be incorporated into the appraisal of projects; the second discusses the problem of obtaining values for these weights and suggests a relatively simple approach which can be applied in Pakistan; and, finally, the third section discusses the practical significance of such procedures for decision -taking in the LDCs.

Intentions and Cyberterrorism

2021 ◽  
pp. 186-200
Author(s):  
Florian J. Egloff
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Hypothetical Case ◽  
Ashley Madison ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Novel Behaviour

This chapter focuses on intentions and cyberterrorists. In defining cyberterrorism as the use, or threat of use, of cyberspace to deliver violence, through the disruption or destruction of digital data, the chapter captures potentially novel behaviour. It highlights the claims made by intelligence officials about terrorists’ intentions of using cyberspace. It then interrogates to what extent this matches the literature on terrorist motivations and intentions, and whether cyberspace is an attractive means for carrying out terrorist attacks. Finding that a simple cost–benefit analysis does not favour cyberspace as a means of carrying out terrorist acts, the chapter interrogates the vectors of change both on the intentions and capability side of the assessment. It closes with the analysis of a hypothetical case that would match the definition of cyberterror: a religiously inspired version of the Ashley Madison hack.

The third oil boom. Preliminary reading of its causes and magnitude: the setting of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-318
Author(s):  
Ali AlKuwari
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Oil Boom ◽  
The Third ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Current Financial Crisis

The author provides an informative account of the Third Oil Boom and its impact on the economies of the Gulf States. Beginning by tracing the reasons behind its inception, he examines solutions for investment in alternative sources such as sand oil, oil-extraction from deep waters, shale oil as well as bio-fuel in a cost-benefit analysis. In the second half of this study, the author provides statistics and tables to explain the upsurge in oil prices and revenue values of these states as precipitated by the Third Oil Boom and how this eventually led into an economy of surplus budgets in the Gulf region. Finally, he tackles the grave repercussions of the current financial crisis on such economies.

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